Magnetohydrodynamics developments

The combined cycle is designed to gain maximum efficiency from the primary heat source. In most cases, both cycles are used for the same purpose—usually to generate electricity. The major combined-cycle options currently under development include open-cycle gas turbines, closed-cycle turbines, fuel cells, and magnetohydrodynamics with vapor cycles. Other combined cycles include the Diesel/Rankine cycle (Boretz, J.E.,... 

Temperature Stability. LaCrOs was developed in the 1960s for electrodes in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)... 

Relative to other advanced combustion conversion systems, such as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), ceramic blade turbine gas turbine, and potassium Rankine cycle, thermionic development costs should be substantially lower. The cost effectiveness is a result of the modularity of thermionics, which makes it possible to perform mean-ingftil ejqreiiments with small equipment. Thus, large investments should not be required until there is a high prob-abihty of success. 

As dimension shrinks, the surface area to volume ratio increases by orders of magnitude. Many forces or fields, which are not significant in macroscale fluid flow, become important in manipulating and controlling fluids in microfiuidics. These effects include thermal capillary effect, electroosmosis, surface tension, and magnetohydrodynamics. These forces or fields provide us alternative means to control the microfiuidic flow behaviors. The electroosmosis has been applied and investigated by some researchers. Gao et al. [5] and Wang et al. [6] developed a theoretical model to predict... 

The current efficiency of an actual HaU-Heroult (HH) ceU depends on internal interactions in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, reactions in different zones of the cell, electrical contact system, operating parameters, and anode-to-cathode distance, hi principle, Haupin and Frank [65] developed a model of relevant zones within the HHceR. This model is shown in Figure 7.12 and it suggests that the possible interactions that are related to current efficiency and energy consumption may be attributable to diverse potentials in the these zones... 

Zone A This particular zone is defined as the metal-electrolyte interface and it is very sensitive to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability that may develop due to oscillations of the molten metal. Therefore, the MHD instabihty decreases the current efficiency and increases the energy consumption. 

Application of magnetic micro/nanoparticles and nanorods to achieve switchable electrode interfacial properties was described with examples above (see Section 18.4). This approach is still waiting to reach its pinnacle of future use in fiiel/BFCs. Another approach to the magnetic control of electrochemical reactions is based on the magnetohydrodynamic effect, which is well known for simple inorganic electrochemical processes [112-116], but it is rarely applied in bioelectrochemistry [117]. Recent development of the theory quantitatively describing the mechanism of the magnetohydrodynamic effect allowed its effective application in complex bioelectrocatalytic systems and BFCs [117-120]. 

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