Magnetization measurements

Correlation between the body forces and the stress state in the head was investigated both by the strain gauge method and the optical coat work stress examination method, and the magnetic measurements were performed at the same time. 

W R McLean. Apparatus for Magnetically Measuring Thickness of Ferrous Pipes US Patent. 6 Nov 51... 

Other magnetic measurements of catalysts include electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility. Although those are not as common as NMR, they can be used to look at the properties of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic samples. Examples of these applications can be found in the literature [87. 

In shock-compression science the scientific interest is not so much in the study of waves themselves but in the use of the waves as a means to probe solid materials. As inertial responses to the loading, the waves contain detailed information describing the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties and processes in the unusual states encountered. Physical and chemical changes may be probed further with optical, electrical, or magnetic measurements, but the behaviors are intimately intertwined with the mechanical aspects of the waves. 

Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Probed by Magnetic Measurements... 

Here, we review the electronic properties of MWCNT and SWCNT probed by magnetic measurements. MWCNTs are discussed with a classification of the following four categories (1) crude CNTs, (2) purified CNTs, (3) aligned CNTs and (4) alkali-doped CNTs. 

Since electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements are mainly focused as a probe of the electronic properties of CNTs in this report, the basis of magnetic measurements is briefly mentioned in this chapter. 

Lastly, we discuss electronic properties by other measurements in comparison with that by magnetic measurements. 

These results are consistent with the electronic properties of CNTs probed by magnetic measurements. In sum, most of MWCNTs show semimetallic behaviour experimentally. 

We have reviewed the electronic properties of CNTs probed by magnetic measurements. MW- and SWCNTs can individually be produced, however, the parameters of CNTs are uncontrollable, such as diameter, length, chirality and so on, at the present stage. Since the features of CNTs may depend on the synthesis and purification methods, some different experimental observation on CNT properties has been reported. It is important, however, that most of papers have clarified metallic CNTs are actually present in both MW- and SWCNTs. The characteristic of CESR of SWCNTs is different from that on non-annealed MWCNTs, but rather similar to that on annealed multi-walled ones. The relationship of the electronic properties between SW- and MWCNTs has not yet been fully understood. The accurate control in parameter of CNTs is necessary in order to discuss more details of CNTs in future. 

The crosslinking reaction is detectable without difficulty by spectroscopic and magnetic measurements. 

The study of ultra-thin Fe thin films on Cu(OOl) substrate has attracted a lot of interest in the past. This is due to the abundance of interesting phenomena associated with this system. Due to the small epitaxial misfit a good layer by layer growth is expected stabilizing the film in a structure related to the fee phase of bulk Fe which is otherwise unstable at low temperatures It also become a test system for magnetic measurements. 

Product yields may also be determined by magnetic measurements, as in the formation of ferrites [340], where kinetic data were obtained at reaction temperature. Quantitative applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy have also been described [326]. 

The l/x vs-T plot is shown in Fig. 1. It should be noted that the same set of parameters fits all six expected transitions of the optical spectrum. For Pu(VII) this is the only known magnetic measurement in the temperature range between 4 and 300 K. 

No magnetic measurements for compounds of pentavalent plutonium have been reported so far. 

Magnetic measurements of PuFi, between 4.2 and 300 K are consistent at high temperatures with older measurements (10-12). The large temperature dependent diamagnetism observed earlier was not found. Up to 100 K the susceptibility is nearly temperature independent with a value of X ip 2940 x 10-6 emu. The Curie-Weiss behavior near room temperature indicates population of a higher first excited state. The structure of PuFi, is isomorphic with that of UFi, (13), where two different sets of actinide atoms are 8-fold coordinated by a distorted antiprism. 

That magnetic measurements often raise more problems than they solve, is demonstrated for the indicated compound. We prepared a series of [ (C2H5N] i,An(NSC) e compounds (An = Th, U, Np, Pu) with cubic coordination of the actinide ion. We derived a consistent interpretation of the magnetic and optical properties of the uranium and the neptunium compounds (6 ). In the case of Pu we expect an isolated T1 ground state and a first excited state at about 728 cm-1. To our surprise we found a magnetic ground state much more pronounced than in the case of the hexachloro-complex, Fig. 4. 

From magnetic measurements on the elpasolite Cs2NaPuCl6 a Te ground state and a low lying F7 state was deduced (26). The magnetic moment varies from 0.65 at 3 K to 1.1 lig at 50 K. 

These magnetic measurements indicate that plutonium is present as the +3 valence in these compounds. Pu3+ has a 5f5 configuration, and ground state, and would show Curie-Weiss paramagne-... 

Lithium oxides of Pu, magnetic measurements and reciprocal molar susceptibility vs. 

The effects of the bonding electrons upon the d electrons is addressed within the subjects we call crystal-field theory (CFT) or ligand-field theory (LFT). They are concerned with the J-electron properties that we observe in spectral and magnetic measurements. This subject will keep us busy for some while. We shall return to the effects of the d electrons on bonding much later, in Chapter 7. 

Rare-earth ions inserted in the tetraborides have the 34- oxidation state, except for CeB4 and YbB4 (see Fig. 2). The abnormal volume contraction for the CeB4 unit cell can be explained by the presence of some Ce ions . Recoilless y-ray emission spectra and magnetic measurements indicate that ytterbium in YbB4 has an intermediate valence state as in YbAl3... 

Ionic polysulfides dissolve in DMF, DMSO, and HMPA to give air-sensitive colored solutions. Chivers and Drummond [88] were the first to identify the blue 83 radical anion as the species responsible for the characteristic absorption at 620 nm of solutions of alkali polysulfides in HMPA and similar systems while numerous previous authors had proposed other anions or even neutral sulfur molecules (for a survey of these publications, see [88]). The blue radical anion is evidently formed by reactions according to Eqs. (5)-(8) since the composition of the dissolved sodium polysulfide could be varied between Na2S3 and NaaS with little impact on the visible absorption spectrum. On cooling the color of these solutions changes via green to yellow due to dimerization of the radicals which have been detected by magnetic measurements, ESR, UV-Vis, infrared and resonance Raman spectra [84, 86, 88, 89] see later. 

The limited magnetic measurements of very mixed -metal clusters are summarized in Table XIII. The magnetic behavior of some anti-ferromagnetic very mixed -metal carbonyl clusters (Fig. 82) has been studied by Pasynskii and eo-workers. Temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibilities of Cr2Co(/t3-S)3(/i-SBu )(CO)2() -C3H4R)2l (R = H. Me) have been determined us-... 

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