Magnetic resonance imaging high spatial resolution

Human skin is the largest organ in the human body. It is fundamentally important to health as the semi-permeable barrier - the first line of defence - between the body and the external world. However, it remains relatively inaccessible to conventional magnetic resonance imaging, firstly because it is thin and therefore requires high spatial resolution, and secondly because it is characterized by relatively short T2 relaxation times, particularly in the outermost stratum comeum. Conventional studies have not usually achieved a resolution better than 70-150 pm, with an echo time of the order of a millisecond or so. As a planar sample, skin has proved amenable to GARField study where it has been possible to use both a shorter echo time and achieve a better spatial resolution, albeit in one direction only. Such studies have attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries that are interested in skin hydration and the transport of creams and lotions across the skin. 

Magnetic resonance imaging H20 (liquid) High spatial resolution possible ( 25 pm) Low temporal resolution ( 2-6 min), magnetic materials interfere with signal... 

Real-time wall shear stress is difficult to monitor precisely because it varies in space and time. MEMS sensors provide high spatial resolution to resolve variations in shear stress in a 3D bifurcation model for small-scale hemodynamics. The application of MEMS sensors with backside wire bonding G ig. fib) captured the spatial variations in shear stress in a 3D bifurcation model (Fig. 8). The measured skin friction coefficients at various positions correlated well with values derived from the exact Navier-Stokes solution of the flow within the bifurcation [13]. Therefore, the development of MEMS sensors has enabled the precise measurements of spatial variations in shear stress for small-scale hemodynamics otherwise difficult with conventional technologies such as computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and laser Doppler velocimetry. 

To elucidate the shear-banding scenario in wornolike micelles, different velocimetry techniques with high spatial resolution, typically between 10 and 50 pm, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) velocimetry, particle image velocimetry (PIV), particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), photon correlation spectroscopy (DLS), and ultrasonic velocimetry (USV) have been developed. All provide the velocity component along the flow direction taken from a one-dimensional slice across the gap. For details on these techniques, the reader is invited to refer to [245,246]. 

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