Macromolecules structure and properties

H. G. Elias, Macromolecules—Structure and Properties, Vol. i, Plenum Press, New York (1976). 

Elias, H. G. 1984. Macromolecules structures and properties, 2d ed. New York Plenum. 

Elias, Hans-Georg, 1928-Macromolecules structure and properties. 

Elias HG (1977) Macromolecules Structure and Properties Plenum, New York,... 

To conclude this synthetic section, it appears very clear that the experimental approaches for preparation of POPs are very numerous and give accessibility to phosphazene polymers and copolymers with different structures and properties. Moreover, it has been recently estimated [10,383] that the total number of polyphosphazenes reported up to now in the literature is about 700, and that these materials can find potential practical application as flame- and fire-resistant polymers [44,283, 384-388] and additives [389, 390] thermally stable macromolecules [391] chemically inert compounds [392] low temper-... 

This book gives a comprehensive coverage of the synthesis of polymers and their reactions, structure, and properties. The treatment of the reactions used in the preparation of macromolecules and in their transformation into cross-linked materials is particularly detailed and complete. The book also gives an up-to-date presentation of other important topics, such as enzymatic and protein synthesis, solution properties of macromolecules, polymer in the solid state. The content and presentation of Professor Vollmert s book is more encompassing than most existing treatises, and its numerous figures and tables convey a wealth of data, never, however, at the expense of intellectual clarity or educational value. 

Collins S, Gauthier WJ, Corrigan JF, Nicholas NJ (1995) Elastomeric poly(propylene) influence of catalyst structure and polymerization conditions on polymer structure and properties. Macromolecules 28 3771-3778... 

T. Yamamoto, A. Morita, Y. Miyazaki, T. Marayama, H. Wakayama, Z.H. Zhou, Y. Nakamura, T. Kanbara, S. Sasaki, and K. Kubota, Preparation of ir-conjugated poly(thiophene-2,5-diyl), poly(p-phenylene), and related polymers using zerovalent nickel complexes. Linear structure and properties of the TT-conjugated polymers, Macromolecules, 25 1214—1223, 1992. 

Xu J, Fogleman EA, Craig SL. Structure and properties of DNA-hased reversible polymers. Macromolecules 2004 37 1863-1870. 

Kato T, Kihara H, Ujiie S, Uryu T, Frechet JMJ. Structures and properties of supramolecular liquid-crystalline side-chain polymers built through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Macromolecules 1996 29 8734-8739. 

This review deals with LC polymers containing mesogenic groups in the side chains of macromolecules. Having no pretence to cover the abundant literature related to thermotropic LC polymers, it seemed reasonable to deal with the most important topics associated with synthesis of nematic, smectic and cholesteric liquid crystals, the peculiarities of their structure and properties, and to discuss structural-optical transformations induced in these systems by electric and magnetic fields. Some aspects of this topic are also discussed in the reviews by Rehage and Finkelmann 27), and Hardy 28). Here we shall pay relatively more attention to the results of Soviet researchers working in the field. 

Aliphatic polyesters are an attractive class of polymer that can be used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. One reason for the growing interest in this type of degradable polymer is that their physical and chemical properties can be varied over a wide range by, e.g., copolymerization and advanced macro-molecular architecture. The synthesis of novel polymer structures through ringopening polymerization has been studied for a number of years [1-5]. The development of macromolecules with strictly defined structures and properties, aimed at biomedical applications, leads to complex and advanced architecture and a diversification of the hydrolyzable polymers. 

Abstract Macromolecular coils are deformed in flow, while optically anisotropic parts (and segments) of the macromolecules are oriented by flow, so that polymers and their solutions become optically anisotropic. This is true for a macromolecule whether it is in a viscous liquid or is surrounded by other chains. The optical anisotropy of a system appears to be directly connected with the mean orientation of segments and, thus, it provides the most direct observation of the relaxation of the segments, both in dilute and in concentrated solutions of polymers. The results of the theory for dilute solutions provide an instrument for the investigation of the structure and properties of a macromolecule. In application to very concentrated solutions, the optical anisotropy provides the important means for the investigation of slow relaxation processes. The evidence can be decisive for understanding the mechanism of the relaxation. 

A hierarchy of approximations now exists for calculating interactions between a charged particle and a charged, planar interface in electrolyte solutions. At moderate surface potentials less than approximately 2(kT/e the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation provides a good approximation in many circumstances, provided the solution is a 1 1 electrolyte at low to moderate ionic strength. The relative simplicity of the linear equation makes it particularly useful for examining problems that are complicated in other ways, such as interactions involving many particles, interactions with deformable interfaces, and interactions where the detailed structure and properties of the particle (or macromolecule) play an important role. 

Since the criss-cross cycloaddition reaction is a sequence of two [3 + 2] cycloaddition steps, the reaction of hexafluoroacetone azine with a,a>-diolefins offers access to a new class of trifluoromethyl-substituted heterocyclic macromolecules. Polymers with interesting structures and properties become available by criss-cross polymerization (88MI3 89MI2 90MI2). 

One can differentiate two main methods for obtaining polymer-polymer complexes 1) formation of complexes from pre-existing chemically and structurally complementary macromolecules 2) polymerization of monomers in the presence of matrix macromolecules introduced in the reaction media. Such matrix polymerization is accompanied by the formation of polymer complexes. In the first case, the chemical reaction proceeds via complex formation by random contacts between reacting chains. Then, these sequences of pairs of connected chains grow. In matrix polymerization, the complex is formed by the mechanism of consecutive addition of monomer along the chain leading to the formation of the so-called zip-up (double-stranded) structure, due to matrix control of polymerization. One can expect that the various mechanisms lead to the formation of complexes with a different structure and properties. Indeed, a difference in the composition and properties of complexes obtained by various methods has been found So, the comparison of complexes poly(methacry-lic acid)-poly(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), obtained by mixing of equimolar quantities of components in solution and also by the matrix polymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in water in the presence of PMAA, shows a difference in composition. In the first case, the content of acid in the complex is always... 

Questions that had been of fundamental importance to quantum chemistry for many decades were addressed. When the existence of bond alternation in trans-polyacetylene was been demonstrated [14,15], a fundamental issue that dates to the beginnings of quantum chemistry was resolved. The relative importance of the electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions in Ti-electron macromolecules quickly emerged as an issue and continues to be vigorously debated even today. Aspects of the theory of one-dimensional electronic structures were applied to these real systems. The important role of disorder on the electronic structure and properties of these low dimensional metals and semiconductors was immediately evident. The importance of structural relaxation in the excited state (solitons, polarons and bipolarons) quickly emerged. 

Lin CC, Jonnalagadda SV, Kesani PK, Dai HJ, Balsara NP (1994). Macromolecules 27 7769. Lohse DJ, Fetters LJ, Doyle MJ, Wang H-C, Kow C (1993). Macromolecules 26 3444. Lyngaae-Jorgensen J (1985). In Processing Structure and Properties of Block Copolymers, edited by MJ Folkes (ed). Applied Science, New York. 

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