Macrocystis species

Vanadium bromoperoxidase (V-BrPO) has been isolated from many species of marine brown algae, including A. nodosum [1,26,27], Laminaria saccharina [28], Fucus distichus [29], and Macrocystis pyrifera [29] the red algae Ceramium rubrum [30] and C. pilulifera [31] and a terrestrial lichen, Xanthoria parie-tina [32],... 

Kelp occurs as a dark green to olive brown, dry substance. It is the dehydrated seaweed obtained from the class Phaeo-phyceae (brown algae) of the genera Macrocystis (including M. pyrifera and related species) and Laminaria (including L. digitata, L. cloustoni, and L. saccharina). The seaweed may be chopped to provide coarse particles and/or it may be ground to provide a fine powder. 

Hernandez, I., Peralta, G., Perez-Llorens, J. L., Vergara, J. J., and Niell, F. X. (1997). Biomass and dynamics of growth of Ulva species in Palmones River estuary. J. Phycol. 33, 764—772. Hernandez-Carmona, G., Robledo, D., and Serviere-Zaragoza, E. (2001). Effect of nutrient availability on Macrocystis pyrifera recruitment ad survival near its southern limit off Baja California. Bot. Mar. 

Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serra-tus. Laminaria species, and Macrocystis pyrifera). As kelp contains iodine, it occasionally produces hyperthyroidism (1), hypothyroidism, or extrathyroidal reactions, such as skin eruptions. It can also contain contaminants such as arsenic, and bone marrow depression and autoimmune thrombocjdopenia have been described in consequence (2). 

Finally, the impact of UV-B radiation on marine macrophytes has been mostly conducted on individual species and not on the whole community. The criteria to select species for experimentation/analyses have varied (a) they are key species due to their contribution to primary production, or because they create a habitat for other marine plants and invertebrates, as the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea [42,122], Laminaria beds in the North Sea [123], or Macrocystis on the Pacific coast of California [4], (b) they represent a high share of macroalgal biomass in the ecosystem, as Ulva in eutrophic coastal waters [124] and, (c) they are commercially important as Porphyra sp., Gelidium sequipedale, Macrocystis pyrifera or Chondrus crispus [30,38,125,126]. 

Two species of Macrocystis occur along the west coast of the United States from Baja, California to the Gulf of Alaska. M. pyrifera prefers temperate waters (ca. 5 to 25 C) and requires some protection from severe waves and storms from central California northwards. Adult plants typically occur in the depth range 8 to 20-30 m. This species does not usually occur much below 20 m in turbid water. M. integrifolia occurs along the northern portion of the range, but is not included in this paper. 

Definition Extract of kelp from Macrocystis pyriferae or other species Uses Natural thickener, stabilizer for foods Regulatory Japan approved Manuf./Distrib. Bio-Botanica http //www.bio-botanica.com... 

Sodium alginate E401-E 404 Brown seaweeds Laminaria, Macrocystis, Ecklonia, Lessonia species North/South America, Europe, Australia, Africa Mannuronic acid, guluronic acid Sauces, salad dressings, desserts, fruit preparations, ice cream, water ices, onion rings, low fat spreads, bakery filling creams, fruit pies, textile printing, paper industry... 

The species of brown seaweed most commercially exploited are Laminaria hyperborea, Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum, and the main producer countries are USA, Japan, China, France, and Norway. The extraction and purification of alginates are based on the conversion from the insoluble form (under calcium form) in the plant cell walls to the soluble one, normally the sodium salt, followed by successive dissolutions and precipitations to eliminate impurities... 

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