Macrocycle supramolecular organization

This part of the review is primarily concerned with supramolecular organization. Covalent approaches are not described. It must be briefly noted here that there are many reports on the synthesis and characterization of macrocycles with artificial antennae in various forms of macrorings 7-14 [43-48] and wheels [49]. Selective macroring formation has been achieved in the presence of suitable templates for macrocychzation [50-52]. These have been the subject of various review articles [53-55]. 

The ability of the metal center in the macrocycle to bind two axial ligands was employed for positioning metallomacrocycle molecules perpendicular to an Au substrate (Fig. 17a) [148, 149]. The SAM comprised bifunctional molecules with a cyclic disulfide group for surface immobilization and a dipodal imidazole ligand for viselike binding of the metalloporphyrin, where the supramolecular organization on the surface is dictated by the disulfide attachment to the Au. This combination... 

A biomembrane is an excellent example of supramolecular assemblies, in which various functional molecules are structurally organized for molecular recognition. In order to develop artificial supramolecular systems capable of mimicking biomembrane functions, it seems important to investigate molecular recognition by macrocyclic hosts embedded in synthetic bilayer membranes. 

B. Dietrich, P. Viout, J.-M. Lehn Macrocyclic Chemistry. Aspects of Organic and Inorganic Supramolecular Chemistry... 

Since the discovery of crown ethers, cryptands, and other macrocyclic ligands by Cram, Lehn, and Pedersen, who were awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity [1], a completely new research field was opened supramolecular chemistry [2-4-]. Since then, this research field has been extended in many fields such as molecular recognition, organic sensing, and liquid crystals. 

The term modified electrodes encompasses a broad variety of electrode materials obtained by attaching a monomolecular layer of a specific compound on the surface of a conducting solid [338]. In electrocatalysis, modified electrodes are common in the field of oxygen reduction, where carbon materials can be modified for example by attaching layers of macrocycles. Modified electrodes are very common in the field of molecular or supramolecular electrochemistry, especially in the organic area. 

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