Lyngbya toxin

Camacho FA, Thacker RW (2006) Aniphipod herbivory on the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei. chemical stimulants and morphological defenses. Limnol Oceanogr 51 1870-1875 Carmichael WW (1994) The toxins of cyanobacteria. Sci Am 2780 78-86 Carmichael WW (2001) Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria the cyanoHABs . Hum Ecol Risk Assess 7 1393-1407... 

Onodera H, Satake M, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T, Carmichael WW (1997) New saxitoxin analogues from the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei. Nat Toxins 5 146-151 Paerl HW, Fulton III RS, Moisander PH, Dyble J (2001) Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria. Sci World 1 76-113 Pouria S, de Andrade A, Barbosa J, Cavalcanti R, Barreto V, Ward C, Preiser W, Poon G, Neild G, Codd G (1998) Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil. Lancet 352 21-26... 

Cyanobacteria blooms can pose an extremely serious threat to human health (970-972), and some of the causative toxins contain halogen. The fresh water toxic cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii produces oscillaginin A (916), which features the novel 3-amino-10-chloro-2-hydroxydecanoic acid, and is the source of the micro-cystins, which are heptatoxins (973). The prolific cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Curacao has furnished the novel barbamide (917) (974) and dechlorobarbamide (918) (975). Extensive biosynthetic studies show that the amino acids leucine, cysteine, and phenylalanine are involved in barbamide production (976-982). The chlorination of leucine is of great interest and may involve a radical mechanism (976, 980-983). 

Osborne NJT, Webb PM, Shaw GR (2001) The Toxins of Lyngbya majuscula and Their Human and Ecological Health Effects. Environ Int 27 381... 

Onodera, H., Satake, M., Oshima, Y., Yasumoto, T., Carmichael, W.W. (1997). New saxitoxin analogues fi om the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei. Nat. Toxins 5 146-51. 

Brine shrimp toxicity guided fractionation of the extracts from two mixed Fijian collections of the cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix sp. led to the isolation of eleven novel chlorinated lipids, taveuniamides A-K 369-379. All of these metabolites showed an intriguing constellation of unsaturation (olefinic and acetylenic bonds) and chlorination at the two termini of a 15-carbon chain. The central carbon atom of the chain (C-8) was substituted in each case with an N-acetate function. Taveuniamides F 374, G 375 and K 379 were the most potent brine shrimp toxins with LD50S between 1.7 - 1.9 mg mL , while taveuniamides A-E 373-377 showed moderate activity LD50 3-5 mg mL. Taveuniamides G 375, 1 377, and J 378 were essentially inactive at a concentration of 10 mg mL. ... 

Cyanobacterial toxins have been found to occur in fresh (lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs) and brackish (seas, estuaries, and lakes) waters throughout the world. Organisms responsible include an estimated 40 genera, but the main ones are Anabaena, Apfianizomenon, Lyngbya,... 

Abbreviatirais used are, LTX Lyngbya wollei toxin, GC Gymnodinium catenatum toxin. 

Onodera H, Satake M, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T, Carmichael Wayne W (1997) New saxitoxin analogues from the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei. Nat Toxins 5 146-151... 

Mihali TK, Carmichael WW, Neilan BA (2011) A putative gene cluster from a Lyngbya wollei bloom that encodes paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis. PLoS One 6 e14657. doi 10.1371/joumal.pone.0014657... 

Han, B., Gross, H., Goeger, D.E., Mooberry, S.L., and Gerwick, W.H. (2006) Aurilides B and C, cancer cell toxins from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. 

---