Lymph nodes micrometastases

O., et al. Comparative detection of lymph node micrometastases of stage II colorectal cancer by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. 

Oberg, A., Stenling, R., Tavelin, B., and Lindmark, G., Are lymph node micrometastases of any clinical significance in Dukes Stages A and B colorectal cancer Dis. Colon Rectum 41, 1244-1249 (1998). 

Okada, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Yamamoto, H., Sugita, Y., Yasuda, T., Doki, Y., et al. Genetic detection of lymph node micrometastases in patients with gastric carcinoma by multiple-marker reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. Cancer 92, 2056-2064 (2001). 

The molecular detection of micrometastases is more sensitive and selective than the classic histopathologic examination of lymph nodes. Many studies showed that about one-third of breast cancer patients with histological negative lymph nodes develop recurrent disease due to the presence of lymph node micrometastases or isolates tumor cells. 

Ooka, M., Sakita, I., Fujiwara, Y. et al. (2000) Selection of mRNA markers for detection of lymph node micrometastases in breast cancer patients. Oncdogy Rep, 7, 561-566. 

Saintigny, P., Coulon, S., Kambouchner, M. et al. (2005) real-time RT-PCR detection of CK19, CK7 and MUCl mRNA of diagnosis of lymph node micrometastases in non small cell lung carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 115, 777-782. 

Dorudi, S., Kinrade, E., Marshall, N.C. etal. (1998) Genetic detection of lymph node micrometastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg, 85, 98—100. 

IMA Any tumor thickness with no ulceration with one lymph node involved and micrometastases Or any tumor thickness with no ulceration with two to three lymph nodes involved and micrometastases 63-70% 57-63%... 

Rapid immunohistochemical study of frozen sections is necessary for intraoperative diagnosis in some cases. Rapid immunostaining is also helpful in confirming or excluding tumor clearance in resection margins or in detecting micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. Two methods to immunostain frozen sections are the enhanced polymer one-step staining (EPOS) system and the EnVision system both systems are detailed later. 

For detection of micrometastasis, immunohistochemical method was first introduced in 1987 (S3) and has been evaluated as a reliable method because the presence of tumor cells can be confirmed visually based on their morphology. To date, this immunohistochemical method is still widely used for detection of micrometastases in the lymph nodes and bone marrow (T3). 

In the field of colorectal cancer, there are over 15 reports on the immunohistochemical detection of micrometastasis in the lymph node (Al, Ol). Most studies concluded that immunohistochemically detected micrometastasis does not correlate with a poorer outcome. However, the prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected micrometastases remains still controversial (G7, S2), similar to that for gastric cancer. 

At. Adell, G., Boeryd, B., Franlund, B., Sjodahl, R., and Hakansson, L., Occurrence and prognostic importance of micrometastases in regional lymph nodes in Dukes B colorectal carcinoma An immunohistochemical study. Eur. J. Surg. 162, 637-642 (1996). 

F4. Fukagawa, T., Sasako, M., Mann, G. B., Sano, T., Katai, H., Maruyama, K., et al., Immunohistochemically detected micrometastases of the lymph nodes in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 92, 753-760 (2001). 

E. W., Jr., Identification of occult micrometastases in pericolic lymph nodes of Duke s B colorectal cancer patients using monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and CC49. Correlation with long-term survival. Cancer 73, 563-569 (1994). 

K9. Kubota, K., Nakanishi, H., Hiki, N., Shimizu, N., Tsuji, E., Yamaguchi, H., et al.. Quantitative detection of micrometastases in the lymph nodes of gastric cancer patients with real-time RT-PCR A comparative study with immunohistochemistry. Int. J. Cancer 105, 136-143 (2003). 

M9. Mori, M., Mimori, K., Inoue, H., Barnard, G. F., Tsuji, K., Nanbara, S., et al.. Detection of cancer micrometastases in lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 55, 3417-3420 (1995). 

Schoenfeld, A., Luqmani, Y., Smith, D., O Reilly, S., Shousha, S., Sinnett, H. D., etal.. Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by using polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 54, 2986-2990 (1994). 

The presence of benign ectopic epithelial structures in lymph nodes and soft tissue parts can be an error source while screening of lymph nodes and surgical margins for micrometastases. These epithelial structures can be of different origin such as Mullerian epithelial inclusions and endometriosis in pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes or heterotopic ducts and glands in abdominal, thoracic and cervical lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of H E tissue sections prior to molecular examination can be helpful to exclude the presence of such epithelial structures. 

In conclusion, the amplification of CK 20 mRNA in blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes or body fluids is an informative method for the detection of micrometastases or circulating tumor cells originated from colorectal and gastric adenocarcinomas. 

Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol, 148, 649-656. 

Clinical significance of micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res, 6, 4176-4185. 

Futamura, M., Takagi, Y., Koumura, H. et al. (1998) Spread of colorectal cancer micrometastases in regional lymph nodes by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions for carcinoembryonic antigen and CK20. 

Extensive micrometastases to lymph nodes as a marker for rapid recurrence of colorectal cancer a study for lymphatic mapping. Clin Cancer Res, 7, 1350-1357. 

Kurahashi, T., Hara, L, Oka, N. et al. (2005) Detection of micrometastases in pelvic lymph nodes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for focally invasive bladder cancer by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR for cytokeratinl9 and uroplakin II. Clin Cancer Res, 11, 3773-3777. 

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