Tumor clearance

The response rate of the patients with VV, VF, and FF genotypes at FCGR3A-158 was 50%, 33%, and 42% (p = 0.78), while that of patients with HH, HR. and RR genotypes at FCGR2A-131 was 67%, 29%, and 57% (p = 0.70), respectively. The investigators concluded that unlike FL, a mechanism of tumor clearance other than ADCC may be more important in the action of rituximab toward CLL cells (69). Fmther studies with larger number of CLL patients are warranted to reach a clear understanding of the precise mechanism of rituximab activity on CLL cells. 

Rapid immunohistochemical study of frozen sections is necessary for intraoperative diagnosis in some cases. Rapid immunostaining is also helpful in confirming or excluding tumor clearance in resection margins or in detecting micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. Two methods to immunostain frozen sections are the enhanced polymer one-step staining (EPOS) system and the EnVision system both systems are detailed later. 

Byrd JC, Waselenko JK, Maneatis TJ, Murphy T, Ward FT, Monahan BP, Sipe MA, Donegan S, White CA. Rituximab therapy in hematologic malignancy patients with circulating blood tumor cells association with increased infusion-related side effects and rapid blood tumor clearance. J Clin Oncol 1999 17(3) 791-5. 

Ciarmiello A, Del Vecchio S, Silvestro P, Potena MI, Carriero MV, Thomas R et al. Tumor clearance of technetium 99m-sestamibi as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998 16 1677-1683. 

Keep, P. A, Searle, F., Begent, R. H. J., Barrat, G. M., Boden, J., Bagshawe, K. D., and Ryman, B. E. (1983). Clearance of injected radioactively labelled antibodies to tumor products by liposome-bound second antibodies, Oncodev. Biol. Med., 4, 273-280. 

Other pro-inflammatory factors produced and secreted by these cell populations snch as interlenkins (IL) -1, -6, -12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) are instrnmental in the resolution of bacterial clearance (Daley et al. 2005 Ishikawa and Miyazak 2005 Kudo et al. 2005 Man et al. 2007 Wang et al. 2005 Warner and Srinivasan 2004). 

Multiple factors play a role in the development of AOM. Viral infection of the nasopharynx impairs eustachian tube function and causes mucosal inflammation, impairing mucociliary clearance and promoting bacterial proliferation and infection. Children are predisposed to AOM because their eustachian tubes are shorter, more flaccid, and more horizontal than adults, which make them less functional for drainage and protection of the middle ear from bacterial entry. Clinical signs and symptoms of AOM are the result of host immune response and damage to cells caused by inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukins that are released from bacteria.4... 

In terms of pharmacokinetics, many host factors, such as the route of administration, the metabolism, the catabolism and clearance will considerably determine the anti neoplastic success of a drug. One major difficulty with the clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases is the requirement that it kill malignant tumor cells at doses that allow cells in the patient s vital organs to survive so that the recovery can occur. In other words, it is to obtain a reasonably safe therapeutic index favoring introduction into clinical practice. 

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