Lutetium metal

Today, there are very few uses for lutetium metal. 

Lutetium metal is trivalent, hexagonal close-packed, and has a full 4f shell which makes it non-magnetic. Furthermore, since its physical properties otherwise resemble the heavy lanthanides from Gd to Tm, non-magnetic Lu has often... 

Guthrie, J.W., 1964b, SC-TM-64-938. Analysis of Lutetium Metal by Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy. 

Smidt and Daane (1963) reported lattice spacings for gadolinium and lutetium metals and for four alloy compositions in this system. According to the chemical... 

Beaudry and Spedding (1974) have studied the binary phase system between ytterbium metal, which is normally divalent, and lutetium metal, which is trivalent The Yb-Lu system is representative of the systems between ytterbium and the rare earth metals that do not have a high temperature bcc form. 

The ytterbium metal was prepared by the reduction-distillation method from a mixture of lanthanum metal and ytterbium sesquioxide, then purified by sublimation at 625°C. The impurities found in the ytterbium (in atppm) were 2570 H, 324 O, 210 Cl, 80 Ca, 62 N, 30 Dy, 29 C, 22 Fe and 20 each Mg and Lu. The lutetium metal... 

Hydrogen motion has also been studied in the lutetium-hydrogen system by Barrere and Tran (1971). At the composition LuHo.17 the hydrogen is in solid solution in the close-packed-hexagonal phase of the lutetium metal. The observed rigid lattice second moment was compatible with random occupation of... 

Reference has been made already to the existence of a set of inner transition elements, following lanthanum, in which the quantum level being filled is neither the outer quantum level nor the penultimate level, but the next inner. These elements, together with yttrium (a transition metal), were called the rare earths , since they occurred in uncommon mixtures of what were believed to be earths or oxides. With the recognition of their special structure, the elements from lanthanum to lutetium were re-named the lanthanons or lanthanides. They resemble one another very closely, so much so that their separation presented a major problem, since all their compounds are very much alike. They exhibit oxidation state -i-3 and show in this state predominantly ionic characteristics—the ions. 

The exchange of lithium for lutetium(III) represents an example of metal/metal exchange in 2,3-naphthalocyanines. 

The atomic radii of the second row of d-metals (Period 5) are typically greater than those in the first row (Period 4). The atomic radii in the third row (Period 6), however, are about the same as those in the second row and smaller than expected. This effect is due to the lanthanide contraction, the decrease in radius along the first row of the / block (Fig. 16.4). This decrease is due to the increasing nuclear charge along the period coupled with the poor shielding ability of /-electrons. When the d block resumes (at lutetium), the atomic radius has fallen from 217 pm for barium to 173 pm for lutetium. 

To date, the only organometallic lanthanide porphyrin complexes to be reported contain yttrium and lutetium, and they will be considered in the section on scandium. Representative structural types of porphyrin complexes containing groups 3 and 4 metals are shown in Fig. 3 and selected data for all the structurally characterized complexes are given in Table 11. 

Between barium (Group 2, element 56) and lutetium (Group 3, element 71), the 4f orbitals fill with electrons, giving rise to the lanthanides, a set of 14 metals named for lanthanum, the first member of the series. The lanthanides are also called the rare earths, although except for promethium they are not particularly rare. Between radium (Group 2, element 88) and lawrenclum (Group 3, element 103), are the 14 actinides, named for the first member of the set, actinium. The lanthanides and actinides are also known as the inner transition metals. 

The last of the lanthanides, this metal is also the hardest and the densest of them. It is a component of cerium mischmetal. Lutetium has some applications in optoelectronics. Shows great similarities to ytterbium. Its discoverer, Georges Urbain, carried out 15 000 fractional crystallizations to isolate pure lutetium (record ). The element has special catalytic properties (oil industry). 176Lu is generated artificially and is a good beta emitter (research purposes). 177Lu has a half-life of six days and is used in nuclear medicine. 

Coordination compounds composed of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligands encompassing a large metal ion in a sandwich-like fashion have been known since 1936 when Linstead and co-workers (67) reported the first synthesis of Sn(IV) bis(phthalocyanine). Numerous homoleptic and heteroleptic sandwich-type or double-decker metal complexes with phthalocyanines (68-70) and porphyrins (71-75) have been studied and structurally characterized. The electrochromic properties of the lanthanide pc sandwich complexes (76) have been investigated and the stable radical bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium has been found to be the first example of an intrinsic molecular semiconductor (77). In contrast to the wealth of literature describing porphyrin and pc sandwich complexes, re-... 

Lutetium (Lu, [Xe]4/ 145 / 6.v2), name and symbol after the Latin word Lutetia (Paris). Discovered (1907) by Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach. Silvery white metal. 

Lutetium is the 60th most abundant element on Earth, and it ranks 15th in the abundance of the rare-earths. It is one of the rarest of the lanthanide series. It is found in monazite sand (India, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, and Florida), which contains small amounts of all the rare-earths. Lutetium is found in the concentration of about 0.0001% in monazite. It is difficult to separate it from other rare-earths by the ion-exchange process. In the pure metallic form, lutetium is difficult to prepare, which makes is very expensive. 

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