Lunde Formation

During deposition of the Lunde Formation, the palaeodrainage direction in the Tampen Spur area... 

Fig. 4. Stratigraphic column of Triassic-Lower Jurassic on the Tampen Spur showing general lithostratigraphy of the Lunde Formation (modified from Nystuen Fait, 1995). Time scale is according to Gradstein el al. (1995).

Table 1. Chemical (mol%), stable (%o) and Sr isotopic compositions of diagenetic carbonates from the Lunde Formation, Snorre Field... 

Fig. 9. Chemical composition of diagenetic carbonates from the Lower and Middle Members of Lunde Formation.

Our results indicate that kaolinite distribution in the Lunde Formation is not strictly controlled by the Kimmerian uplift and erosion. This is due partly to the formation of kaolinite during eodiagenesis and partly to the strong relationship between kaolinite abundance and detrital composition of the sandstones, particularly the original amounts of feldspars and mud intraclasts. Pervasive kaolinite formation, coupled with dissolution of calcite and dolomite cements, has been substantial in well 34/4-1. In well 34/7-A-3H sandstones, the top of which was buried deeper below the unconformity than that of well... 

The Snorre Field is located in the northern part of the Tampen Spur (Fig. 7). Major reservoir units are the Triassic Lunde Formation (northern part of the field) and the lower Jurassic Statljord Formation (southern part of the field). The reservoir contains an undersaturated black oil and has a generally low GOR (62-160 Sm /Sm ), typically increasing towards the north. The Snorre Field represents a rotated fault block cut by NNE-SSW and NE-SW faults during Upper Jurassic rifting (Horstad et al. 1995). The main source rock in the area is the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation, a prolific Type II marine source rock. The underlying Heather Formation is also locally developed as a Type II, oil prone source rock. The main kitchen area of the oil encountered in the Snorre Field is situated in the basin directly east and south of the field (Horstad et al. 1995 Skeie et al. this volume). The Snorre... 

Horstad et al. (1995) described a top-down filling as the most likely case for the northern part of the Snorre reservoir. The differences in oil composition monitored for the petroleums hosted in the Statfjord and Lunde Formations respectively indicated already at that point that the Snorre reservoir was compartmentalized. 

In 1968 DairOlio et al. published the first report of analogous electrosyntheses in other systems. They had observed the formation of brittle, filmlike pyrrole black on a Pt-electrode during the anodic oxidation of pyrrole in dilute sulphuric acid. Conductivity measurements carried out on the isolated solid state materials gave a value of 8 Scm . In addition, a strong ESR signal was evidence of a high number of unpaired spins. Earlier, in 1961, H. Lund had reported — in a virtually unobtainable publication — that PPy can be produced by electrochemical polymerization. 

Klausen, N. and Lund, E. (1986). Formation of biogenic amines in herring and mackerel, Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch., 182, 459. 

Ahling B.. Bjorseth, A., and Lunde, G. Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during combustion of polyvinyl chloride. Chemosphere, 7(10) 799-806, 1978. 

The indirect electrochemical cleavage of halides has been studied in detail by Lund and Simonet et al. -272) course of the reaction is strongly influenced by the structure of the substrates. Thus, aryl and benzyl halides do not form alkylation products of the mediators. The products Of the perturbed redox catalysis are, however, favored in the case of aliphatic halides. Primary halides give predominantly monoalkylation products, while tertiary halides favor the formation of dialkylation products. 

Lund and Iversen first showed that azobenzene was an effective probase it is reduced to radical-anion at a low potential (—0.9 V vi. Ag/AgCl) and the reduced form is sufficiently basic to deprotonate benzylphosphonium salts. Its usefulness as an alternative to conventional bases was illustrated by the near quantitative production of stilbene by electrolysis of azobenzene in the presence of benzaldehyde and benzyl-triphenylphosphonium bromide (Table 2, entry 1). However, the concomitant formation of the carcinogenic benzidene, by acidic work-up of a product mixture which contains hydrazobenzene, is a severe drawback for this system. 

An alternative that is less resource-intensive than the flow loop is the flow wheel apparatus (Bakkeng and Fredriksen, 1994 Lippmann et al., 1994) shown in Figure 6.4b. The wheel (torus) is nominally a 2-5 in. (5.1-12.7 cm) pipe, 2 m in diameter that rotates at 0.3-5.0 m/s while filled with gas and less than 50 vol% liquid. Conceptually, the wheel is spun past the gas and liquid rather than the reverse. Therefore, the flow wheel apparatus does not require circulating devices such as pumps or compressors. Hydrate formation is deduced visually, or by a sharp increase in torque required to turn the wheel. Urdahl et al. (1995) and Lund et al. (1996) report good field transferability from results obtained with this apparatus. Pilot flow loops and flow wheels have been also used to simulate shut-in/start-up conditions (12 h stagnant period) and to test kinetic inhibitors (e.g., Palermo and Goodwin, 2000 Rasch et al., 2002). 

In order to understand features of oxidative one-electron transfer, it is reasonable to compare average energies of formation between cation-radicals and anion-radicals. One-electron addition to a molecule is usually accompanied by energy decrease. The amount of energy reduced corresponds to molecule s electron affinity. For instance, one-electron reduction of aromatic hydrocarbons can result in the energy revenue from 10 to 100 kJ mol-1 (Baizer Lund 1983). If a molecule detaches one electron, energy absorption mostly takes place. The needed amount of energy consumed is determined by molecule s ionization potential. In particular, ionization potentials of aromatic hydrocarbons vary from 700 to 1,000 kJ-mol 1 (Baizer Lund 1983). 

Sun L, Iqbal J, Dolgilevich S, Yuen T, Wu XB, Moonga BS, Adebanjo OA, Bevis PJ, Lund F, Huang CL, Blair HC, Abe E, Zaidi M. 2003. Disordered osteoclast formation and function in a CD38 (ADP-ribosyl cyclaseKlelicient mouse establishes an essential role for CD38 in bone resorption. FASEB J 17 369-75. 

Pariza, M.W., Ashoor, S.H., Chu, F.S., Lund, D.B. 1979. Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger. Cancer Lett. 7, 63-69. 

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