Kaolinite distribution

Our results indicate that kaolinite distribution in the Lunde Formation is not strictly controlled by the Kimmerian uplift and erosion. This is due partly to the formation of kaolinite during eodiagenesis and partly to the strong relationship between kaolinite abundance and detrital composition of the sandstones, particularly the original amounts of feldspars and mud intraclasts. Pervasive kaolinite formation, coupled with dissolution of calcite and dolomite cements, has been substantial in well 34/4-1. In well 34/7-A-3H sandstones, the top of which was buried deeper below the unconformity than that of well... 

Hydrothermal clay-silica deposits (kaolinite, halloysite, sericite, montmorillonite and silica) and zeolite deposits occur in Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic regions. These deposits are distributed in areas of epithermal gold mineralization. 

Some of the clays that enter the ocean are transported by river input, but the vast majority of the riverine particles are too large to travel fer and, hence, settle to the seafloor close to their point of entry on the continental margins. The most abundant clay minerals are illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and chlorite. Their formation, geographic source distribution and fete in the oceans is the subject of Chapter 14. In general, these minerals tend to undergo little alteration until they are deeply buried in the sediments and subject to metagenesis. 

The global distribution patterns of kaolinite, chlorite, montmorillonite, and illite in pelagic sediments are listed in Table 14.3 and illustrated in Figures 14.8 through 14.11. 

Soil sorption distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined from centrifuge column tests using kaolinite as the absorbent (Celorie et al, 1989). Values for Kd ranged from 0.010 to 0.054 L/g. 

The size distribution of the kaolinite is quite variable and again the Kingston sample differed in that most of the kaolinite has sodium associated with it and could therefore be considered a smectite rather than kaolinite. Marcasite is commonly present as a replacement of original coal particles. The gypsum is present mainly in the -20 ym size range. Overall the mineral matter content of the lignites is of the order of 5%-10% (i.e. a medium distribution density). 

The first method chosen to express the coal-mineral association results is in terms of the weight fraction of mineral matter in the individual particles, as determined from their cross section. The resulting distribution is comparable to the so-called "grade distributions" used in the mineral industry [8,9]. Such a distribution is included in Table II for the Upper Freeport coal. The data in the table indicate that pyrite is preferentially liberated as compared to quartz or kaolinite. About 78% of the pyrite is in particles containing more than 80% mineral matter, which should be easily removed by density-based separations. 

Distribution coefficients were measured employing batch methods. The solution (ml) to clay (mg) ratios were aporoximate-ly as follows 1 5 attapulgite 1 60 montmorilIonite and 1 25 kaolinite. The solutions were brines (NaCl) buffered with pH 5 acetate solution. The original stock solution contained 3 M NaCl and 1 M Na acetate buffer. The lower [Na] solutions were made by... 

Kanlinite is a mineral of widespread occurrence, well distributed throughout the world, The finest kaolinite locality in Europe is said to he in France, from whence the clay is obtained for porcelain ware. Cornwall and Devonshire in England supply large quanlities of this mineral. In the United States, Pennsylvania. Virginia. Colorado. Georgia, and South Carolina contain deposits of kaolinite. The word kaolin or kaolinitc is said to he a corruption of a Chinese word kauliug. the name of a locality where this mineral is found, Kaolinite is very important commercially in the manufacture of china and pottery. 

The mineralogical composition of Sahara dust particles shows the predominance of aluminosilicates (clays). Illite is also present in many cases while quartz particles are rare. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results on dust composition transported over different regions in the Mediterranean Basin have shown that Al-rich clay minerals such as illite and kaolinite are very common in PM10 for Cypms and dominant for Crete. Dust particles are also very rich in calcium which is distributed between calcite, dolomite and sulphates and Ca-Si particles (e.g. smectites) whereas iron oxides are often detected [43]. 

Intact soil cores (6.7 cm i.d.) were taken with spilt spoon at depths of 1 to 2 meters from a field test site located approximately 50 km east of Cincinnati, Ohio. The soil in this interval consists mainly of quartz (60%) and clay minerals (35%) with minor amounts of plagioclase and potassium feldspar. The majority of clay is illite and smectite, with minor amount of kaolinite. Soil chemical properties were analyzed prior to, and after, electroosmosis, in order to evaluate the effects of electroosmosis on the distribution of elements within the soil column. Sampled cores were wrapped in aluminum foil and stored at 12°C until the EO cell was assembled. 

Figure 5. HOC distribution (KD) and sorbed surfactant partition (tf ) coefficients. Kaolinite concentration was 100 g/L, Individual Kss values filled circles) were determined from the KD values using eq 2 and the micellar partition and kaolinite sorption (/fWJT) constants below. Isotherm Ku values open circles) are from Table 4 (linear values), (a) = 1635 M 1. KmitT = 0.002 L/g. (b) = 280 M 1. = 0.0003 L/g. (c) Kmic = 51507 M 1. Kmin -...

Table 5. Phenanthrene distribution (Kn) and organic carbon normalized partition (Km) coefficients to sorbed surfactants on kaolinite for varying solution chemistry conditions.a... 

Figure 7. Effect of pH on phenanthrene distribution (A. 0) and organic carbon normalized partition (/ ) coefficients for sorbed SDS, The ionic strength was 0.1 M NaCl, and the kaolinite concentration was 100 g/L. Error bars for some data points are smaller than the symbols. The solid line is the average Kx value for pH values above the PZC of kaolinite, The predicted value is based on an equation from Schwarzenbach et al. (1993), Adapted from Ko et al. (1998a).

The type of clay mineral, depending on its abundance and degree of K+ (or NH4+) saturation, may control the adsorption, phase distribution and thus the mobility and (bio)availabihty of NACs in soils [152], The affinity of adsorption capacity of the clays for NACs increase in the order kaolinite < illite < montmorillonite [152],... 

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