Luminous solids

FIGURE 9.14 (continued) (c) The effective light emission luminance (solid square, /.emission) and effective light emission efficiency (open square) versus effective current density of 4-a-Si H TFTs 200 dpi AM-PLED are shown. The evolution of luminance (solid circle, Z-pled) and light emission efficiency (open circle) versus effective current density of the red PLED are also shown, (d) Electroluminescent (EL) spectra and CIE color coordinates of 4-a-Si H TFTs 200 dpi AM-PLED (solid line) and PLED (dashed line) are shown. (From Hong, Y., Nahm, J.-Y., and Kanicki, J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 3233, 2003. With permission.)... 

The direct convective heat transfer between the gas and the solids may be estimated by using conventional turbulent heat transfer correlations between a surface and a moving gas stream radiative transfer between the solids and the gas may also be estimated by assigning an effective emissivity and absorptivity to the gas space [3], p. 289. This latter problem may be complicated by the presence of luminous solid particles, which would then increase the effective emissivity and absorptivity. 

Moerner W E 1994 Fundamentals of single moleoule speotrosoopy in solids J. Lumin. 60-61 997-1002... 

Assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 V, 67, 1 this is self-explanatory. The distilling flask has a capacity of 250 ml. and the beaker contains 150 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution. All corks must fit well and should be coated with paraflSn wax (by dipping into molten wax, and allowing to drain). Place half of the yield of the dry phenyldiazonium fluoborate in the distilling flask. Heat the solid gently with a small luminous flame at one point near its surface until decomposition begins withdraw the flame and allow the reaction to continue... 

Sparks Spark discharges are most common between solid conductors, although one electrode may be a conduc tive liquid. They appear as a narrow, luminous channel, and cany a large peak current for a few microseconds or less. Sparks are the only form of discharge for which a maximum spark energy can be calculated, using the expression ... 

The allcylation of a number of aromatic compounds through the use of a chloroa-luminate(III) ionic liquid on a solid support has been investigated by Holderich and co-workers [87, 88]. Here the allcylation of aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and phenol with dodecene was performed using the ionic liquid [BMIM]C1/A1C13 supported on silica, alumina, and zirconia. With benzene, monoalkylated dodecylbenzenes were obtained (Scheme 5.1-56). 

Cultivation of luminous bacteria. Nealson (1978) lists various culture media to culture luminous bacteria. Three examples from other sources are shown in Table 2.1. It is important to include 300-500 mM NaCl as a basic ingredient. For the growth of bacteria, liquid media must be adequately aerated by shaking or bubbling. Solid media containing agar are made in Petri dishes. 

Fig. 7.1.5 Fluorescence spectra of purified Chaetopterus photoprotein (CPA) in 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 6.7 (solid lines), and the bioluminescence spectrum of the luminous slime of Chaetopterus in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2 (dashed line). Note that the luminescence spectrum of Chaetopterus photoprotein in 2 ml of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, containing 0.5 M NaCl, 5 pi of old dioxane and 2 pi of 10 mM FeSC>4 (Amax 453-455 nm) matched exactly with the fluorescence emission spectrum of the photoprotein. No significant change was observed in the fluorescence spectrum after the luminescence reaction.

Chemical Reactions. It burns with a luminous flame and is readily expld (Ref 2). It is reduced with Zn dust and Na hydroxide to dimethyl hydrazine (Ref 2). Action of coned HC1 forms methylhydrazine and formaldehyde (Ref 2). Treatment in anhyd eth with Na metal forms a solid adduct which gives dimethylhydrazine on addn of w (Ref 4). For a review of thermal and photochem reactions see Ref 8 Explosive Limits. In mixts with air the crit press at which exp] occurs varies inversely with temp betw 350 and 380° (Ref 6)... 

Paraffin (Paraffin wax. Hard paraffin). A mixt of solid hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, obtained from petroleum. Colorl or white somewhat translucent, tasteless, odorless solid greasy feel bums with a luminous flame. 

The broad PL emission spectra of some metal chelates match the requirements for white emission. Hamada et al. investigated a series of Zn complexes and found bis(2-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)benzothiazolate)zinc (Zb(BTZ)2, 246) is the best white emission candidate. An OLED with a structure of ITO/TPD/Zn(BTZ)2/OXD-7/Mg In showed greenish-white emission with CIE (0.246, 0.363) with a broad emission spectrum (FWHM 157 nm) consisting of two emission peaks centered at 486 and 524 nm (Figure 3.14) [277], A maximum luminance of 10,190 cd/m2 at 8 V was achieved. The electronic and molecular structure of Zn(BTZ)2 have been elucidated by Liu et al. [278]. There is evidence that the dimeric structure [Zn(BTZ)2]2 in the solid state is more stable than its monomer Zn(BTZ)2. They also found that the electron transport property of Zn(BTZ)2 is better than that of Alq3. 

Radiant intensity can be described as the amount of power (watt) heading in your direction, i.e., per steradian, from a light source. The total amount of power emitted by the source is the radiant flux (watt). If you integrate the radiant intensity over all solid angles, you get the total radiant flux. If it is weighted by the photopic response, then it is the luminous intensity and the luminous flux. 

The crude benzotriazole is placed in a 200-cc. modified Claisen flask (Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 1, 125) and distilled under reduced pressure (Note 2). The yield of white solid (yellow cast) boiling at 201-204° at J5 mm. or 156-159° at 2 mm. is 92-99 g. The product in the receiver is melted over a luminous flame and poured into 250 cc, of benzene. The clear solution is stirred until crystallization sets in after being chilled for two hours, the product is filtered on a Buchner funnel. The colorless benzotriazole weighs 90-97 g. (75-81 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Note 3) and melts at 96-97°. 

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