LRTAP

Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants, Research and Monitoring Coordinating Conunittee, Canada LRTAP Assessment, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 1990,7 Volumes. 

Ottar, B. (1978). An assessment of the OECD study on long range transport of air pollutants (LRTAP), Atmos. Environ. 12, 445-454. 

UN/ECE, United Nations/Economic Council for Europe (1979) The 1979 Geneva convention on long-range transboundary air pollution. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, http //www.unece.org/env/lrtap/lrtap hl.html... 

Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Over time, the critical load approach has been defined not only at international but also at regional and local levels (Posch et al., 1993, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 Bashkin, 1997, 2002). 

Risks and Trends (Modelling and Mapping Manual, 2004)3. Moreover, many research groups engaged in biogeochemical model development make them available as freeware . Annual reports published by the National Focal Centers of the LRTAP Convention as provides insights on methodologies and partially input data for the CLL calculations. 

As mentioned earlier (see Chapter 3), a unique exceedance does not exist when considering both sulfur and nitrogen, but for a given deposition of S and N one can always determine whether there is non-exceedance or not. The two maps on the top of Figure 4 show that the percent of ecosystem area is protected from acidifying deposition of S and N in 1990 and 2010. In 1990 less than 10% of the ecosystem area is protected in large parts of central and western Europe as well as on the Kola peninsula, Russia. Under the scenario of the 1999 multi-pollutant, multi-effect Protocol of UNECE LRTAP Convention (CDR 2010), the situation improves almost everywhere, but is still far from reaching complete protection. 

Thus both physical characteristics and environmental findings support the long-range transport of PCCD/PCDFs and PCBs. There are differences, however, both between and within the groups regarding ability to undergo LRTAP. 

Evstafyeva, E., Slusarenko, A. (2003). Heavy metals and immune status of the body for different age groups Proceedings 5th Subregional Meeting of ICPs and Training Workshop on the Calculation and Mapping of Critical Loads for Air Pollutants Relevant for UN/ECE Convention on LRTAP in East and South East European Countries. Minsk, pp. 37-39. 

Vasilyeva, G. K., Shatalov, V. E. (2004). Simulation of POPs accumulation in soil. In Proceedings of 6th Subregional Meeting on Effect-Oriented Activities in the Countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe Relevant for the UN ECE Convention on LRTAP, Moscow-Pushchino, Russia, September 16-18, 2004... 

EEA (2006c). Annual European Community LRTAP Convention Emission Inventory 1990-2004. Submission to EMEP through the Executive Secretary of the UNECE. EEA Technical Report 8/2006. Copenhagen European Environment Agency. 

EEA (2010) European Union emission inventory report 1990-2008 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). EEA Technical Report No 7/2010. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen... 

EEA (2011) European Union emission inventory report 1990-2009 under the UNECE convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (LRTAP). European Environmental Agency, Technical Report N°9... 

The first agreement to control transboundary air pollution was connected with the signing of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) by 32 European countries, plus Canada and the USA, in 1979. In a protocol added to this convention in 1985,... 

Since 1988 a new concept has been agreed both nationally and internationally to try to improve this situation by optimizing costs and benefits. This is the critical loads/levels approach and it has been adopted as the basis for 1994 UN ECE Second Sulfur Dioxide Protocol, which commits signatories to the Convention on LRTAP to further SO2 reductions up to and beyond the year 2005. Action on this Protocol will produce significant reductions in the emissions of SO2 and sulfate deposition over the next decade, till 2005. 

GSC. (1995). The Significance of Natural Sources of Metals in the Environment. A Report prepared by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) for the UN-ECE LRTAP (Heavy Metals) Convention, 29 pp. 

The BSAP also reiterates RELCOM S commitment to contribute to work on hazardous substances in other international fora. RELCOM will provide coherent input from the Contracting States where possible based on a common RELCOM position, especially as regards the updating of lists of priority/candidate substances and substances to be evaluated, for example under the EU REACR, the 2001 Stockholm Convention on POPs and the 1998 Aarhus Protocol on POPs to the UNECE LRTAP Convention. 

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