Low volatile content

Anthracite. Anthracite is preferred to other forms of coal (qv) in the manufacture of carbon products because of its high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, its low volatile content, and its more ordered stmcture. It is commonly added to carbon mixes used for fabricating metallurgical carbon products to improve specific properties and reduce cost. Anthracite is used in mix compositions for producing carbon electrodes, stmctural brick, blocks for cathodes in aluminum manufacture, and in carbon blocks and brick used for blast furnace linings. 

Anthracite. Anthracite is a hard, black, shiny form of coal that contains virtually no moisture and very low volatile content. Because of this, it bums with little or no smoke and is sold as a "smokeless fuel. In general, coals only approach anthracite composition where bituminous coal seams have been compressed further by local crustal movements. Anthracites can have energy contents up to about 32 MJ/kg, depending on the ash content. 

Should have a low density, low volatile content, effective ablative and thermal insulating characteristics. 

On this particular project we were fortunate that the market demands were made known by some of the major refrigerator producers and the requirements were described by the characteristics of Polymer X. Nevertheless, a typically extensive research and development program was required followed by an intensive market development program after the product was developed. Our own process development was important throughout the product development program. It actually became most vital after our new ABS was developed and accepted. A low cost process was essential and the proper quality was assured only after special tests and instruments were developed. Maintaining a low volatile content was particularly critical. 

Chlorination. The titanium in the raw material is converted to titanium tetrachloride in a reducing atmosphere. Calcined petroleum coke is used as the reducing agent because it has an extremely low ash content and, due to its low volatiles content, very little HC1 is formed. The titanium dioxide reacts exothermically as follows ... 

Loss of volatiles occurs chiefly at about 500°C. (endotherm at point E), a process begun at about 300°C. The shallowness of the endotherm is caused by low volatile content and relative ease of gas expulsion. 

The furnace black process is capable of producing a chemically pure, fine-particle carbon black with low volatile content, 1-2%, and pH ranging from 6 to 10, which is suitable for most plastics end uses. This process allows precise control of a carbon black s particle size and shape (or morphology), which ensures uniform color and physical properties in plastics applications (Fig. 11.1). 

Experimental studies show that volatile components such as H2O and CO2 can have profound effects on melting temperature and melt composition (e.g., Kushiro, 1972 Hirose and Kawamoto, 1995 Kawamoto and Holloway, 1997 Dalton and Presnall, 1998 Gaetani and Grove, 1998 Hirschmann et al., 1999a Lee et al., 2000 Asahara and Ohtani, 2001). It has been implicitly assumed in the assessment above that melt extraction occurred in nominally anhydrous mantle. This assumption is most robust in the case of MORE mantle, which has been shown to have a low volatile content (e.g., Michael, 1988 Saal et al., 2002 Chapter 2.07). Inasmuch as off-craton mantle has isotopic characteristics that indicate similar long-term incompatible element depletion to the MORE source, and considering that volatiles are very incompatible elements, a low volatile content at the time of melt extraction from off-craton mantle is implied. Indeed, off-craton mantle may be genetically related to modern MORE mantle. 

The silicones (mainly polydimethyl siloxanes) are considerably more expensive than the polysulfides therefore, silicone use is restricted to more specialized applications where specific attributes of the materials are required. For example, virtually every U.S. missile or satellite contains some form of silicone sealant because of its long use life, low volatile content, and heat resistance. They are also used around aircraft windows and doors. High-temperature fuel tank sealants based on fluorocarbon-containing polysiloxanes have also been the subject of considerable government-sponsored research (21). 

Unlike other chemical activation processes, the most approplate raw materials are those with a low volatile content and a rich carbon content such as high rank coals, previously devolatilized chars or petroleum coke. Thus, most of the examples cited in the work of Wennerberg and O Grady [47] referred to petroleum coke as a raw material. 

For the meager lean coal, because of its low volatile content and high ash content, the spontaneous combustion tendency of this coal is lower than those of other types. By fuzzy comprehensive evaluation can also be seen that the ranking of spontaneous combustion tendency is low of this coal, so can eliminate the meager lean coal, that is, excluding 13 coal, 10 coal, 11 coal, 12 coal. 

Low volatile content to minimize voids. Volatiles can originate from products of a condensation reaction, or from occluded solvent perhaps introduced to improve tack. 

Henkel offers its Hysol KOI052 rapid cure, silver-filled epoxy-based conductive adhesive to bond the cathodes in the construction of surface mount tantalum capacitors. This adhesive is suitable for in-line curing in as little as 20 seconds at elevated temperatures (200 °C). Features of this adhesive include a low volatile content, reduced voiding, low electrical resistance and high peel strength. 

Carbon blacks must not be considered as being soots and possess relatively low volatile contents ranging from about 0.5 to about 10.5 wt%, with values of about 1.0 wt% for the majority of carbon blacks. When handled appropriately, they are not considered to be a health hazard, as are low-temperature soots which contain solvent-extractable material (carcinogenic). However, inhalation of such small particles and skin contact should be avoided, absolutely. 

The main impact of coal composition is on emission. Generally, increases in fuel ratio leads to a reduction in emissions (Tsuboi and Iwasaki, 1988 Suzuki et al., 1990 Shimizu et al., 1990 Moritomi et al., 1991). Figure 20 graphically shows the relationship between emissions as a function of fuel ratio for Ahlstrom pyroflow boilers (Hyvarinen et al., 1990). Coals with a low volatile content and hence a high fuel ratio have a slow particle combustion rate. As a result, the amount of unbumt char in the bed material is increased and accelerates NO reduction, as discussed by Johnsson (1989) and Ishizuka et al. (1988). 

Manufacturers Comments Heat curing, water-based adhesive with excellent resistance to thermal shock, chemicals and water. High thermal stabilify. Very low volatile content. 27% total solids. 

Manuhicturers Comments Free-flowing adhesive-sealant with very low volatile content. High transparency and resistant to very low temperatures. Admitted for ESTEC aerospace applications (ESA PSS- ... 

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