Low information content

Techniques for the reduction of dimensionality are those that simplify the understanding of data, either visually or numerically, while causing only minimal reductions in the amount of information present. These techniques operate primarily by pooling or combining groups of variables into single variables, but may also entail the identification and elimination of low-information-content (or irrelevant) variables. 

Thus, when the attraction between hydrophilic segments is not sufficiently strong, we deal with the descending branch of the evolution, which leads to nonprotein-like sequences having low information content and low complexity. On the other hand, in the second regime (at epp > epp) the complexity of protein-like structures is found to increase and therefore we have the ascending branch of the evolution. 

In thermodynamics, the observer is outside the system and properties are measured in the surroundings. For example, pressure is measured by an external observer reading a pressure gauge on the system. Volume can be determined by measuring the dimensions of the system and calculating the volume or, in the case of complex shapes, by using the system to displace a liquid from a filled container. Important thermodynamic properties have low information content (i.e., they can be expressed by relatively few numbers). The details of the shape of a system are usually not important in thermodynamics, except, sometimes, a characteristic of the shape, such as the surface-to-volume ratio, or radii of particles, may also be considered. Information only accessible to an observer within the system, such as the positions and velocities of the molecules, is not considered in thermodynamics. However, in Chapter 5 on statistical mechanics, we will learn how suitable averages of such microscopic properties determine the variables we study in thermodynamics. 

On the basis of these initial results passive matrix OLED displays were realized in a German government funded project, headed by AIXTRON, to investigate the potential of OVPD for display applications. Figure 9.17 shows low information-content displays produced on passive matrix substrates and large-area OLEDs. 

The observation that some sequence positions are more tolerant to mutation initiated the application of information theory as a method to understand the importance of these residues to the structure and function of the protein (Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer, 1988). A residue that is intolerant to mutations has high information content, whereas a tolerant residue has low information content. By fixing the amino acid identities of residues as the fitness is improved, optimization acts to... 

Likewise, important issues remain with the automated patch clamp technology. There is no doubt that this approach has filled the niche between HT low information content assays, such as fluorescence and binding assays, and low throughput high quality content, such as conventional patch clamp electrophysiology assays. However, this technology comes at a tremendous price. At an approximate cost of US 400000 each, these systems are expensive... 

Figure 2.13 Schematic representation of a simple, low-information-content, alphanumeric TN-LCD with direct addressing and segmented electrodes.

Binding assay Scintillation counter >30000 Non-functional assay High-through- put Very low information content, quality membrane preparations needed, several possible binding sites for drug action... 

In this section we have demonstrated that probability is not the correct measure to use for dependability, corroboration or confirmability. A hypothesis may have a high probability of being true simply because it has low information content. It is the content of a theory which determines its testability and its corrobor-ability. A highly tested and corroborated theory such as Newtonian mechanics has a very low probability of being true. 

The twisted nematic display is a prime example. Where direct drive for low information content displays is concerned, the primary requirements are stable materials with low thresholds, wide temperature ranges, good contrast over a wide viewing cone and fast response times. 

As may be seen from Table 34, a choice of stable liquid crystal materials exists for twisted nematic displays in many applications. However, such materials are directed towards low information content, direct drive displays and more difficult material problems exist when the need for multiplexing arises. 

Fig. 2.2 Schematic representation of the meaning of resolution at the example of a tridisperse size distribution tmth and possible measurement results low resolution results from low information content in the case of spectroscopic techniques...

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