Loop length

With the knowledge of /x(AT) we may derive all the bundle statistics. As an example, assuming that m is the smallest number of chain atoms in a loop, the average loop length is given by (see Fig. 1, m is a number of chain atoms)... 

Figure 23.4 Prismatic dislocation punching at spherical precipitate, (a) A dislocation dipole loop is generated in the interface. One side expands into the matrix while the other remains in the interface, (b) Segments of the loop in the matrix glide downward to form additional loop length in the interface, (c) The loop in (b), which is partially in the interface and partially in the matrix, pinches together at its lowest point and splits into two loops, with one remaining in the interface and the other gliding into the matrix. From Porter and Easterling [4],...

From the maximum term of Eq. (B-43), taking into account, Eqs. (B-39) and (B-40) the average loop length PB, the average train length Ps, and the fraction p of adsorbed segments can be calculated as functions of ys, yB, as, aB, and AFS. The last quantity is related to by... 

Fig. 4. Average loop length PB (proportional to film thickness) and adsorbed amount dip as a function of...

Suzuki, N., and Fujii, I. (1999). Optimization of the loop length for folding of a helix-loop-helix peptide. Tetrahedron Letts. 40, 6013-6017. 

Define range of TU loop lengths MIN LENGTH TU LOOP = MAX LENGTH TU LOOP = (defaults 6, 9). 

Mixing time is directly proportional to the longest loop length, which depends on the type of the impeller and the position. 

In this section, we present the two-mode models for loop and recycle reactors. In a loop reactor (Fig. 10) of loop length L, a flow rate of qm with an average velocity of u-m) enters and leaves the reactor at points a = 0 and x — l, respectively (where a is the length coordinate along the loop), and the total flow rate in the loop is Q + qin between points a = 0 and x — l, and is Q between points x — l and x — L, due to a recycle rate of Q. The recycle ratio A is the ratio of the volume of fluid returned to the reactor entrance per unit time to the volume of fluid leaving the system per unit time, and is given by A = Q/q-m. 

Figure 6.176 (a) Detection system for ferromagnetic parts. The antenna is a closed cable loop (total loop length 8 m) embracing the conveyor belt, fed with an AC voltage at 250-2500 cps. Ferromagnetic parts entering the antenna loop area cause a frequency shift and start an alarm. 

On a more general note, loop length appears to play a more important structural role than might have been anticipated from other experiments [83]. The low percentage of... 

The deformation is believed to occur mainly by climb of dislocations, with oxygen atoms traveling along dislocation loops. Lengths of dislocation loops vary greatly but are of the order of magnitude of 1 pm. 

The core structures of template proteins are defined as consecutive segments of the structure that are conserved across multiple alignments of structural [195, 197]. Loop length restrictions are defined to account for the maximum length in observed for the structural neighbors and to avoid nonphysical models. 

FIGURE 5.15 Influence of the confluence stream flow rate QCf- h and s = recorded peak height (A) and width (mL) carrier stream flow rate — 1.6 mL min-1 a, b, c = 5,50 and 250-cm loop lengths (ca 25, 250 and 1250 pL injected volumes) other experimental conditions as in Ref. [84]. Adapted from Anal. Chim. Acta 198 (1987) 153, E.A.G. Zagatto, B.F. Reis, M. Martinelli, F.J. Krug, H. Bergamin-Filho, M.F. Gine, Confluent streams in flow injection analysis, with permission from Elsevier. 

Conotoxin frameworks VI and VII have a C-C-CC-CC arrangement of Cys residues with a sequential disulfide pairing, which is also found in spider toxins and in the venom of scorpions. These particular frameworks form stable cystine knots with variable loop lengths. The sequence of amino acids within the loops defines the targeting and pharmacology of a particular framework VI/VII conotoxin. 

It has been remarked that both V and Vp are somewhat more homologous to VL than to VH in their core structure. However, this does not imply significant differences of the binding site, since, for example, CDR loop lengths are closer to those of VH than to those of V, furthermore, VL dimers do not necessarily pack in a significantly different way front V,-VM [10]. 

For each set of loops, all examples were extracted from the Brookhaven Data Bank [7] and characterized according to loop length, 0, y/ conformation, sequence and structural superposition. The distribution of loop lengths (Figure 15.4) shows that nearly 70% have five or less residues. The loops that form structural families are indicated by shading in Figure 15.4 and summarized in Table 15.2. As expected, the families occur in the very short loops, where the number of possible conformations is small. These families are described in detail by Thornton and coworkers [22], and here we present just one family from each supersecondary group, as an example of the sorts of pattern observed. 

P. Hazel, J. Huppert, S. Balasubramanian and S. Neidle, Loop-length-dependent folding of G-quadruplexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 16405-16415. 

Figure 1 CD spectra for sequences with loop lengths varying. Samples with loops of length 1 or 2 exhibit a peak at 265 nm characteristic of parallel folds (length 2 possibly being polymorphic) the other sequences have a peak at 295 nm, characteristic of anti-parallel folding...

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