Lodge

Lodge, A. S., 1964. Elastic Liquids, Academic Press, London. 

Kaye, A., Lodge, A. S. and Vale, D. G., 1968. Determination of normal stress difference in steady shear flow. Rheol. Acta 7, 368-379. 

J. P. Lodge, ed.. Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, Lewis PubUshers, Chelsea, Mich., 1989, 763 pp. 

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

The mode of action of CCC is attributed to the inhibition of / Akaurene synthetase A, the enzyme that drives the biosynthesis of geranyigeranylpyrophosphate by copalyl pyrophosphate to /-kaurene. The compound is registered in Europe to control lodging and is registered with the EPA. 

Inabenfide. [4-Chloro-2-(a-hydroxybenzyl)]-isonicotonanilide) [82211 -24-3] (Inabenfide) (32) is not for use in the United States, but is used in other countries to inhibit the growth of rice plants. The compound is appHed to the soil 40—60 days prior to the heading up of plants, where it is absorbed through the roots and translocated throughout the stem. It inhibits the elongation of the lower intemodes and this stops lodging. It is extremely toxic to fish. 

Mepiquat chloride is mixed with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid to control lodging of winter barley in Europe under the name Terpal. The plants are treated after the first nodes have become visible and treatments may be appHed until the flag leaf develops. Terpal is not used in the United States. 

To prevent radioactive iodides from lodging in the thyroid gland during exposure to excessive radiation, a potential appHcation of iodine acting as a thyroid-blocker has arisen. Eor this purpose potassium iodide was recommended (66). 

Dissolved fouling material may pass into the membrane pores. Reprecipitation upon rinsing must be avoided. Membrane-swelling agents, such as hypochlorites, flushout material which may be lodged in the pores. 

A. I Jiman, An Introduction to Ultrathin Organic Films from Tangmuir-B lodge tt to Self-Mssemhly, Academic Press, New York, 1991. 

Column tray parts or ceramic packing lodged in the impeller eye. 

Figure 6.1 Stress-corrosion cracking of a brass condenser tube caused by ammonia from decomposing slime masses lodged on internal surfaces.

Shells, clams, wood fragments, and other biological materials can also produce concentration cell corrosion. Additionally, fragments can lodge in heat exchanger inlets, locally increasing turbulence and erosion-corrosion. If deposits are massive, turbulence, air separation, and associated erosion-corrosion can occur downstream (see Case History 11.5). 

Figure 6.16 Small clams lodged in heat exchanger tube inlet ends. (Courtesy of Rick Ruckstuhl, Nalco Chemical Company.)...

A common cause of erosion is partial obstruction of tubes by foreign bodies. At the inlet end, for example, debris such as sticks, glass fragments, and wood chips may lodge in tube ends or be held against the tubes by water flow. The nominal velocity of the water past the obstruction increases according to the degree of obstruction. It can be shown... 

Some debris may enter the tube and then become lodged. Turbulence created at the site of the debris often produces crescent or irregularly shaped erosion-corrosion patterns (Figs. 11.11 through 11.13). 

At this point in the investigation, the relationship between the pits and the arrowhead-shaped regions of corrosion was uncertain. Several possible causes for the pitting were considered, such as siphonic gas exsolution, biological and/or microbiological activity, and debris (concrete chips, etc.) lodged in the tubes, but each was tentatively dismissed as improbable since none of the proposed mechanisms adequately accounted for all observations. 

A few months later, a second set of tubes was submitted for examination. These tubes had not been cleaned. Close examination revealed arrowhead-shaped mounds of fibrous debris lodged on the tube wall (Fig. 11.20). Dislodgement of these mounds revealed an arrowheadshaped region of shallow corrosion containing sparkling crystals of cuprous oxide, essentially identical to that described above. 

The rust-colored concrete chips shown in Fig. 11.24 were removed from the tube ends. Inspection of the water box revealed large quantities of debris adhering to the tube sheet. The gouging was caused by the lodgement of this hard debris at tbe inlet end of the tubes. Intense turbulence by the lodged debris was sufficient to cause highly localized erosion. 

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