Lodge liquid

The model of appearing and disappearing load-bearing chain sequences thus provides us with a possible interpretation of the memory function of the Lodge liquid. 

Lodge, A. S., 1964. Elastic Liquids, Academic Press, London. 

Non-linear viscoelastic flow phenomena are one of the most characteristic features of polymeric liquids. A matter of very emphasised interest is the first normal stress difference. It is a well-accepted fact that the first normal stress difference Nj is similar to G, a measure of the amount of energy which can be stored reversibly in a viscoelastic fluid, whereas t12 is considered as the portion that is dissipated as viscous flow [49-51]. For concentrated solutions Lodge s theory [52] of an elastic network also predicts normal stresses, which should be associated with the entanglement density. 

Lodge AS (1964) Elastic liquids. Academic Press, New York... 

Here we describe the strain history with the Finger strain tensor C 1(t t ) as proposed by Lodge [55] in his rubber-like liquid theory. This equation was found to describe the stress in deforming polymer melts as long as the strains are small (second strain invariant below about 3 [56] ). The permanent contribution GcC 1 (r t0) has to be added for a linear viscoelastic solid only. C 1(t t0) is the strain between the stress free state t0 and the instantaneous state t. Other strain measures or a combination of strain tensors, as discussed in detail by Larson [57], might also be appropriate and will be considered in future studies. A combination of Finger C 1(t t ) and Cauchy C(t /. ) strain tensors is known to express the finite second normal stress difference in shear, for instance. 

The GI tract plays the most significant role in toxicants entering the body through ingestion. Food or drink is the usual mechanism of exposure. Airborne particles (either solid or liquid) can also lodge in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract and be swallowed. 

Constitutive equations for the Rouse and Zimm models have been derived, and are found to be expressible in the form of Lodge s elastic liquid equation [Eq.(6.15)], with memory function given by (101) ... 

Lodge,A.S. Elastic liquids. New York Academic Press 1964. 

Instead of Je Lodge (46) derived another quantity called constrained shear recovery sIn this case a shear recovery is considered, where the liquid is constrained by boundary planes which are rigid and do not change their mutual distance during recovery of the liquid. Subscript oo means that the recovery is measured after an infinite time, reckoned from the moment that the shear stress is made zero. According to Lodge, a quite different type of recovery occurs, when the mentioned restrictions are released. This fact has already been noted in the first paragraph of this section. In the definition of Je, however, the mentioned restrictions are tacitly made. 

The reason is condensate backup. The condensate backup causes subcooling that is, the liquid is cooled below its bubble point, or saturated liquid temperature. Perhaps a rat has lodged in the condensate outlet pipe. The rat restricts condensate drainage from the shell side. To force its way past the dead rat, the propane backs up in the condenser. The cold tubes in the bottom of the shell are submerged in liquid propane. The liquid propane is cooled below its bubble-point temperature. 

T.P. Lodge, N.A. Rotstein, and S. Prager. Dynamics of entagled polymer liquids Do linear chains reptate In I. Prigogine and S.A. Rice, editors, Advances in Chemical Physics, volume 79, pages 1-132, New York, 1990. John Wiley Sons. 

Stepanek, P. and Lodge, T. P. (1996). Light scattering by block copolymer liquids in the disordered and ordered state. In Light scattering. Principles and development, (ed. W. Brown). Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

The dynamic structure factor of block copolymer liquids (melts and solutions) has been accounted for using dynamical mean-field theory by Benmouna et al. (1987a,6). For a block copolymer melt, the dynamic structure factor can be written (Stepanek and Lodge 1996)... 

Shear flow for a Lodge rubber-liquid. If we consider the flow field,... 

Comment how the viscometric functions for the shear flow of a Lodge rubber-liquid develop in Example 2.4 compare with experimental observations. 

Develop expressions for the elongational viscosities for the Lodge rubber-liquid in steady shearfree flow. 

G. Carignan, B. A., B. A. Lodge, and W. Skakum, General re-versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography procedure for the analysis of oral contraceptive formulations, J. Chromatogr., 375 470(1984). 

G. Carignan and B. Lodge, High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of estradiol valerate-testosterone enanthate in oily formulations, J. Chromatogr., 301 292 (1984). 

G. Carignan and B. A. Lodge, Comparative study of the applications of gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography to the analysis of norethandrolone, J. Chromatogr., 779 184 (1979). 

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