Location sensitive analysis

Abstract This chapter presents the basic principles of activation analysis and details its different types. Emphasis is given to instrumental neutron activation analysis and radiochemical separations for the determination of trace and ultra-trace elements. Location sensitive analysis is also included. 

This technology allows the sensitive analysis of small conformational changes and will ultimately allow an understanding of the receptor activation mechanism. These studies have shown two distinct switch mechanisms in the / -adrenergic receptor, both located in the third intracellular loop and the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix VI an ionic lock mechanism that involves an interaction of the cytoplasmic ends of helix VI and helix III (and is reported by a label in position 271 of the receptor), and a rotamer toggle switch mechanism that is reported by a label in position 265 (Yao et al, 2006). 

The ISBL cost is on a U.S. Gulf Coast basis, so we need to convert to a Northeast Asia basis. If we look up the location factor in Table 6.7, then it is not clear what factor we should use. The location factor for Japan is 1.26, while for China it varies from 0.6 to 1.1, depending on the amount of indigenous vs. imported equipment used. Since the exact location of the plant has not yet been specified, we are not able to make a definitive assessment of what the location factor should be. As a first approximation, we therefore assume it is 1.0 and note that this should be revisited as part of the sensitivity analysis. 

Only one method was located for analysis of tissue samples. The method used HPLC/UV to analyze bovine kidney, muscle/fat, and liver samples for RDX, but it could be used to analyze human tissues (Army 1981 a). Optimal sample preparation methods varied slightly for the different tissues, as did detection limits and precision. In general, the detection limit was in the low ppb and recovery was excellent (range of 87.7-102.9). Precision ranged from 7 to 16% CV. The primary problem with analysis of tissue using this method is the variation in selectivity. Minor differences in sample extraction and contamination from unknown sources can create interferences that drastically affect interpretation of results and may also adversely affect the sensitivity. 

To illustrate the computation, let s examine a 4.2% coupon, lO-year Spanish government security that matures on July 30, 2013. Bloomberg s Yield Analysis Screen is presented in Exhibit 4.7. If the bond is priced to yield 3.724% on a settlement date of June 6, 2003, we can compute the PVBP by using the prices for either the yield at 3.734 or 3.714. The bond s initial full price at 3.724% is 104.5673. If the yield is decreased by 1 basis point to 3.714%, the PVBP is 0.085 (1104.5673 - 104.65221). Note that our PVBP calculation agrees with Bloomberg s calculation labeled PRICE VALUE OF A 0.01 that is presented in the Sensitivity Analysis box located in the lower left-hand corner of the screen. 

Note that our calculation for duration of 17.636 agrees (within rounding error) with Bloomberg s calculation in Exhibit 4.1. Bloomberg s interest rate risk measures are located in a box titled Sensitivity Analysis in the lower left-hand corner of the screen. The duration measure we just calculated is labeled Adj/Mod Duration which stands for adjusted/ modified duration. 

The effect of increasing the capacity of the evacuation route is shown in the case of an instantaneous release scenario of acrylonitrile (600 m pool), weather class FI.5. In order to show the effect of a bottleneck, the population of the case is adjusted to a more crowded situation. The bottleneck in this example is the staircase at the end of a train platform. The platform has a length of 500 m and a width of 10 m, one end of the platform is located at 100 m from the hazardous source, the other end with the bottleneck is located at 600 m from the source. The capacity of the bottleneck is 1 person per second. The persons are assumed to start evacuation after a pre-movement time of 100 seconds. As a sensitivity analysis, the capacity of the bottleneck is increased to 2 persons per second and in another case the bottleneck is completely removed. Because the bottleneck is located at 600 m from the hazardous source and the distance to which persons will get injured is at least 810 m, all persons on the platform will at least be injured. The effect of the bottleneck in this example is visible in the number of lethal victims. In this example increasing the capacity of the bottleneck is not very effective, because the absolute reduction of the number of victims is small (see Table 4). The relative reduction of increasing the bottleneck capacity... 

A large number of core design parameters have direct influence on the above mentioned safety targets, but often in contradictory ways therefore the optimization of the core from a global point of view is a very complex matter whose solution requires a sensitivity analysis based on a wide range of parameters including number and location of fuel assemblies, active core height, pin diameter, number and location of GEM s, Pu enrichments and their distribution, possible utilization of burnable poisons and their location, radial profile of the Na void effect, etc.. 

The sensitivity analysis reported above has also evidenced that in the neighborhood of criticality all the reacting systems exhibit a similar sensitivity behavior. This is characterized by a peak in the normalized sensitivity, whose location does not depend upon the specific input parameter considered in the definition of the sensitivity. 

Finally, a temperature controller can be added to provide a method of controlling the conposition of the liquid side draw. This controller can have its temperature sensor on the bottom tray of the main tray section and use the bottoms flow rate as a manipulated variable. Temperature sensitivity analysis can be performed using the steady-state model to ascertain the proper location for the tenperature sensor. Using the bottoms flow rate allows a method for excess heavies to be removed from the system in the event of a disturbance while retaining the target composition of the liquid side draw. The resulting control scheme for the liquid side draw benzene column is shown in Figure 8.11. 

Before the performance of the loading we have to apply 5 up to 12 sensors, according their size, on the cylindrical part of the drums and after a short check of the required sensitivity and the wave propagation the pneumatic pressure test monitored by AE can be performed. The selection of the sensors and their positions was performed earlier in pre-tests under the postulate, that the complete cylinder can be tested with the same sensitivity, reliability and that furthermore the localisation accuracy of defects in the on-line- and the post analysis is sufficient for the required purpose. For the flat eovers, which will be tested by specific sensors, the geometrical shape is so complicated, that we perform in this case only a defect determination with a kind of zone-location. 

Because X-ray counting rates are relatively low, it typically requires 100 seconds or more to accumulate adequate counting statistics for a quantitative analysis. As a result, the usual strategy in applying electron probe microanalysis is to make quantitative measurements at a limited collection of points. Specific analysis locations are selected with the aid of a rapid imaging technique, such as an SEM image prepared with backscattered electrons, which are sensitive to compositional variations, or with the associated optical microscope. 

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