Lithium titanate anode

Lin J-Y, Hsu C-C, Ho H-P et al (2013) Sol-gel synthesis of aluminum doped lithium titanate anode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 87 126-132... 

Zhu W, Yang M, Yang X, Xu X, Xie J, Li Z (2014) Supercritical continuous hydrothennal synthesis of lithium titanate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. US Patent 20140105811 Al. Accessed 17 Apr 2014... 

Finally, NMR has also be used to study other spinels materials that do not contain manganese. For example, the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium titanate spinels such as Li4/3+Ji5/304 and Lii.i-Tii.904+a have been investigated. These materials may be used as anode materials in combination with cathodes operating at 4 V (vs Li) to produce cells with potentials of ca. 2.5 V. These materials are either diamagnetic or metallic, and unlike the mangan-ates, only very small differences in shifts are seen for Li in the different sites of the spinel structure. Nonetheless, these shift differences are enough to allow the concentrations of the different sites to be quantified and monitored following insertion of Li or as a function sample preparation method. ... 

In order to avoid the problems associated with the instability of the n-doping process of the polymer, it has been proposed to replace the n-doped polymer at the negative electrode with a carbon electrode to form the so-called hybrid capacitor [22, 33, 40]. Such hybrid capacitors with a p-doped polythiophene derivative as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode were found to outperform double-layer carbon capacitors in terms of specific power while maintaining good performance cyclability over 10000 cycles [40]. Another asymmetric hybrid capacitor has been built using a lithium titanate (Li4Ti50i2) intercalation anode, instead of a carbon electrode and PFPT electrode [35]. 

Special battery technologies, which use lithium titanate on the anode side and lithium iron phosphate on the cathode side, offer calendar lifetime of 20 years and up to 7000 cycles at a degree of discharge of 95% and more [17]. 

Tian B, Xiang H, Zhang L et al (2010) Niobium doped lithium titanate as a high rate anode material for Li-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 55 5453-5458... 

Yang X, Huang Y, Wang X et al (2014) High rate capability core-shell lithium titanate ceria nanosphere anode material synthesized by one-pot co-precipitation for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 257 280-285... 

Zhao L, Pan H-L, Hu Y-S et al (2012) Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti50i2) as novel anode material for room-temperature sodium-ion battery. Chin Phys B 21(2) 028201... 

Lithium titanate (LL Ti50i2, abbreviated as LTO) is a well-known intercalative anode material which offers high stahUily and reversibility (so-called zero-strain... 

Zaghib K, Draitigny M, Perret P, Gnerfi A, Ramanathan M, Prakash J, Manger A, Jnlien CM (2014) Electrochcanical and thermal characterization of lithium titanate spinel anode in C-LiFeP04//C-Li4Ti50i2 cells at sub-zero temperatures. J Power Sonrc 248 1050-1057... 

The nonhydrolytic M—O—M bond formation via ester elimination between metal alkoxides and carboxylic acids is a well-known approach in sol-gel chemistry. In this direction, titanium -butoxide and acetic acid were used for the nonhydrolytic synthesis of anatase Ti02 nanopartides at 100 °C [92]. Moreover, spindle-shaped nanoporous anatase Ti02 mesocrystals with a single-crystal-like structure and tunable sizes were synthesized in the tetrabutyl titanate and acetic acid system without any additives imder solvothermal conditions [93]. A complex mesoscale assembly process, involving oriented aggregation of tiny anatase nanocrystals and entrapment of in situ produced butyl acetate as a porogen, was proposed for the formation of the mesocrystals. They exhibited a good performance as anode material for lithium ion batteries [93]. 

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