Lithium storage capacity

The quality and quantity of sites which are capable of reversible lithium accommodation depend in a complex manner on the crystallinity, the texture, the (mi-cro)structure, and the (micro)morphology of the carbonaceous host material [7, 19, 22, 40-57]. The type of carbon determines the current/potential characteristics of the electrochemical intercalation reaction and also potential side-reactions. Carbonaceous materials suitable for lithium intercalation are commercially available in many types and qualities [19, 43, 58-61], Many exotic carbons have been specially synthesized on a laboratory scale by pyrolysis of various precursors, e.g., carbons with a remarkably high lithium storage capacity (see Secs. 

The lithium-storage properties of these Si SiOx/C nanocomposite electrodes were investigated in different electrolyte systems and compared to pure Si nanoparticles. From all the analyzed systems, the Si SiOx-C nanocomposite in conjunction with the solvent vinylene carbonate (VC) to form the solid-electrolyte interface showed the best lithium storage performance in terms of a highly reversible lithium-storage capacity (1100 mAh g-1), excellent cycling performance, and high rate capability (Fig. 7.9). 

Disordered carbons have received much attention for their use as anodes in lithium batteries, where they present high lithium storage capacities [6, 7]. However they still have an important iiTeversible capacity and hysteresis between charge and discharge, that limits their market competitiveness versus graphite electrodes. 

Paek, S. M., Yoo, E. ]., and Honma, I. (2009]. Enhanced cyclic performance and lithium storage capacity of SnOj/graphene nanoporous electrodes with three-dimensionally delaminated flexible structure. Nano Lett, 9, pp. 72-75. 

The insertion mechanism of the lithium ion into various kinds of carbons, when used as an anode in Li ion batteries has been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically. However, the electrochemical insertion process is not yet fully understood. Polyparaphenylene (PPP)-based disordered carbon has a superior lithium storage capacity when used as an anode in the Li ion battery, and thus attracts much attention. In order to investigate the insertion mechanism of lithium into this material, the uptake and release processes of lithium were monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy [90]. It was found that the band intensities of the characteristic peaks of disordered carbon decrease upon the discharging process and increase with the charging process, with quite good reversibility. Moreover, the frequency of the band related to the intraring C-C stretching mode of PPP at 1605 cm also... 

Recently, much enthusiasm and effort have been concentrated on the development of high-capacity carbonaceous materials that are synthesized at relative low temperatures (from 500 to 1,100°C) and deliver reversible capacities over 372 mAh/g. To rationalize the extra lithium storage capacity, a variety of models and explanations have been suggested. 

Type of lithium resources Country and section Lithium storage capacity, (LizO)... 

Metal fluorides are an interesting class of compounds which may be used for conversion electrodes. Due to the highly ionic nature of their metal-fluoride bond, they should theoretically exhibit a much higher output voltage and lithium storage capacity than any other systems. However, many of the metal fluorides have a limited electrochemical activity with lithium due to their poor electronic conductivity brought about by their large band gap. 

Xiao Y, Hu C, Cao M (2014) High lithium storage capacity and rate capability achieved by mesopraous C03O4 hierarchical nanobundles. J Power Sources 247 49-56. doi 10.1016/j. jpowsour.2013.08.069... 

Lou, X.W., Wang, Y Yuan, C Lee, J.Y., and Archer, L.A. (2006) Template-free synthesis of Sn02 hollow nanostructures with high lithium storage capacity. Adv. Mater., 18, 2325-2329. 

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