Lithium manganese batteries

Lithium Manganese Batteries Nickel plated steel case. 

Mn02 is used for the same purpose as the cathode active material in lithium-manganese dioxide (Li - Mn02) batteries it has been used for a long time in zinc-carbon and alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries, which are aqueous-electrolyte systems. 

Figure 29. Shapes and construction of lithium-manganese dioxide batteries.

Figure 30. The relationship of the seal type to the leak rate of helium for cylindrical lithium-manganese dioxide batteries.

Figure 31. The construction, shape and dimensions of the 2CR5 lithium-manganese dioxide battery for fully automatic cameras.

Figure 33 Load characteristics of the CR2032 lithium-manganese dioxide battery.

Figure 37. Practical test results of a 2CR5 lithium-manganese dioxide battery in a fully automatic camera at 23 °C.

Finally, Table 10 shows the specifications of secondary lithium-manganese dioxide batteries. Recently, the use of these batteries as sources for memory backup has expanded remarkably [47]. 

These batteries are new systems which use a lithium-manganese composite oxide for the active material of the positive electrode a lithium-titanium oxide with a spinel... 

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

In large volume production, the availability of electrode materials for batteries must also be considered, such as cobalt, nickel, iron or manganese, and above all lithium (see also Deutsche Bank, 2008). The lithium demand is 0.3 kg lithium metal equivalent/kWh (Tahil, 2006) 17 for a 30 kWh battery (20 kWh/100 km and 150 km range) this results in 9 kg lithium/vehicle. To avoid stresses on lithium supply battery recycling will be crucial. 

The small mercury and lithium disposable batteries used for calculators and cameras are variations of the alkaline battery. In the mercury battery, mercuric oxide, HgO, is reduced rather than manganese dioxide. Manufacturers are phasing out these batteries because of the environmental hazard posed by mercury, which is poisonous. In the lithium battery, lithium metal is used as the source of electrons rather than zinc. Not only is lithium able to maintain a higher voltage than zinc, it is about 13 times less dense, which allows for a lighter battery. 

Fig. 4.22 Response to high current discharge pulse of a typical lithium-manganese dioxide watch battery (LM 2020), Current = 6 mA. (By courtesy of SAFT Gipelec.)...

Kuwabata S, Kishimoto A, Tanaka T, Yoneyama H. Electrochemical synthesis of composite films of manganese dioxide and polypyrrole and their properties as an active material in lithium secondary batteries. J Electrochem Soc 1994 141 10-15. 

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