Lithium Batteries Negative electrode

Whereas there had been a significant amount of work on the properties of lithium alloys in the research community for a number of years, this alternative did not receive much attention in the commercial world until about 1990, when Sony began producing batteries with lithium-carbon negative electrodes. Since then, there has been a large amount of work on the preparation, structure, and properties of various carbons in lithium cells. 

The capabilities of thin tin films and tin-based alloys with different metals as active materials for lithium - ion battery negative electrodes are considered. Electrochemical characteristics of such films at different substrates and mechanisms of their functioning are discussed. 

Wang H, Abe T, Maruyama S, Iriyama Y, Ogumi Z, Yoshikawa K. Graphitized carbon nanobeads with an onion texture as a lithium-ion battery negative electrode for high-rate use. Adv Mater 2005 17 2857-2860. 

Switching to lithium-alloy negative electrodes, some voltage loss must be noted. LiAl has Uu = -1-385 mV, Li4.5Pb has Uu = 388 mV. Entries 18-20 in Table 10(b) represent three examples of rechargeable cells, which have been, at least temporarily, commercialized. The first (No. 18) is due to a lithium alloy/carbon black battery conunercialized by the Matsushita Co. [248]. The lithium alloy components are Pb -I- Cd -I- Bi -h Sn (Wood s alloy). Button cells in the range 0.3 to 2.5 mAh were offered. The electrolyte was LiC104 in an unknown solvent. The practical energy densities, 2Wh/kg, were rather low. The c.b. positive electrode acts as a double... 

Brun N, Prabaharan SRS, Morcrette M, Sanchez C, Pecastaings G, Derre A, Soum A, Deleuze H, Birot M, Backov R (2009) Hard macrocellular silica Si(HIPE) foams templating micro/macroporous carbonaceous monoliths applications as lithium ion battery negative electrodes and electrochemical capacitors. Adv Funct Mater 19 3136... 

The gel polymer network strucmre can be varied to that of combs and ladders by changing a kind of acrylate monomer. It also is possible to make an ion-conductive gel with a polyethylenic strucmre by cross-linking a difunctional acrylate compound such as polyethylene-glycol-diacrylate. Valence Inc. was not able to commercialize this battery, although it was proceeding with the development of polymer batteries that combined VjOg positive electrode and lithium metal negative electrode by this electrolyte. Table 21.1 shows the ionic conductivities of various gel polymer electrolytes. 

Tasaki, K. Harris, S.J. Computational study on the solubdity of Uthium salts formed on lithium ion battery negative electrode in organic solvents, J. Phys. Chem. C 2010,114, 8076-8083. 

Tasaki, K. Goldberg, A. Lian, J.J. Walker, M. Timmons, A. Harrisc, S.J. Solubility of lithium salts formed on the hthium-ion battery negative electrode surface in organic solvents, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2009,156, A1019-A1027. 

As with primary lithium batteries, a number of different approaches have been taken in the chemistry and design of rechargeable lithium batteries to obtain the desired performance characteristics. These are summarized in Fig. 34.1a for batteries with lithium metal negative electrodes (the anode during discharge) and in Fig. 34.1fc for batteries with other materials, such as lithium alloys and lithiated carbon. ... 

FIGURE 34.1 Lithium rechargeable batteries (a) with metalUc lithium as negative electrode, (b) with lithium alloys or lithiated carbon negative electrode. 

Since the development of the lithium-ion battery, negative electrode materials that have been investigated include graphitic carbon materials, amorphous carbon materials, nitrides, silicon-based materials, tin-based materials, new alloys, nano-oxides, and other materials. Ideally, negative electrode materials should have these characteristics ... 

There is no obvious damage to the interface between the lithium metal electrode and polyphosphazene electrolytes during cycling. Electrochemical measurements of the Li/polyphosphazene electrolyte/Li battery show a cycling life of at least 600 times, demonstrating the good chemical stability of the electrolyte with the lithium metal negative electrode. 

At the time of writing, the solid-state alkali metal battery is by far the most important projected application of a polymer electrolyte. This is based on a thin film laminated structure containing a lithium-metal negative electrode, a polymer film electrolyte, and a positive electrode made of an oxidizing agent capable of inserting alkali ions into its structure (Figure 7). 

Silicon Nanowire Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Battery Negative Electrodes... 

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