Literature reports, continued

As shown in this chapter, by focusing on the modulation of enzyme selectivity by medium engineering, quite simple modifications of the solvent composition can really have significant effects on the performances of the biocatalysts. The main drawback remains the lack of reliable predictive models. Despite the significant research efforts (particularly in the last decade), it is likely that a reasonable foresight of the enantioselective outcome of an enzymatic transformation will continue to be based solely on a careful analysis of the increasingly numerous literature reports. 

The story of luminescence advances since 1970 is best found in the current literature. It is too large and diversified to be readily summarized in a single article and too recent to edit for the most important events. Luminescence studies are so pervasive throughout all the fields of science that each special sphere of inquiry could have its own recent history of luminescence. Many of the most important developments of today will necessarily remain hidden to most scientists until later discoveries reveal their significance. For these reasons, this report continues with a personal selection of topics, chosen to guide the reader to a potpourri of interesting recent reports. 

From the existing literature reports, methods can be found for the preparation of almost any type of C-l glycal. However, the increasing relevance of these compounds appears to guarantee a continued effort in the development of synthetic strategies towards C-l glycals. 

The search for additional new Abl inhibitors continued and at the 2004 meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH), Novartis disclosed an Abl kinase inhibitor with improved activity over imatinib [39]. The first literature report on AMN107 (3) appeared in early 2005 [40] (Scheme 2). The structure of AMN107 diverges from that of imatinib in two areas. First, the... 

Spontaneous case reports have been an important addition to literature reports and manufacturer-submitted clinical studies to help the FDA continuously evaluate product labeling for drug-grapefruit interaction. 

Finally, an area which is in need of much further research is that of the dielectric properties of two-phase systems such as frozen foods, emulsions, whips and foams. It is well known that the dielectric behavior of particles of one dielectric property imbedded in a substrate of another, behave very differently from a distributive mixture of both. Fricke (1955) developed a model for randomly oriented oblate spheroids suspended in a continuous medium. It is expected that this model may be used successfully to model two-phase food systems, but to date there is very little literature reporting such studies. 

Numerous examples can be found In recent literature reporting marked positive and negative balance. For example, one recent paper contained a report of zinc balances which were as high as +11.6 mg/day ( ). The effect of negative and positive balances at levels more commonly reported Is shown In Table 1. If we assume, for example, that balance of -3.9 mg/ day continued Indefinitely, an Individual would lose his en-... 

Table 31.3 gives a few typical examples on recovery of actinides by ELM. Myriad literature reports exist on the use of HDEHP for metal extraction involve ELMs. Comparative studies between column and batch liquid emulsion membrane techniques based on HDEHP/HCl system were carried out to develop a system for the isolation of Th from natural uranium, which showed that, kineticaUy, the equilibrium for thorium separation using batch technique is faster than the continuous column system [37]. The effective separation of Th from natural uranium was found to be independent of time. El-Sherif studied... 

Literature reports since the 1970 review (312) continue to show interest in stabilization of dairy products such as use of ascorbic acid and tocopherol in controlling oxidized flavor in sterilized cream (648). 

Table 6.2.3 (continued). Summary regarding literature reports on thermal decomposition of some styrene copolymers. 

The chapter thus far has addressed fiber-optic sampling techniques and hardware, illustrated with a few applications. As noted earlier, there has been a wide range of fiber-optic Raman applications presented in the literature, and new reports continue to appear at an accelerating rate. Table 12.4 lists some examples of applications to illustrate the wide variety and breadth of fiberoptic samples. The list is by no means comprehensive, but it should provide the reader with a starting point to explore applications in particular areas. 

The use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynaniic (PK/PD) modeling for the analysis of continuous variables in clinical studies is well established and widely accepted. This is regardless of whether the effect of drug exposure acts directly or indirectly on some measured PD endpoint. Models characterizing direct PD responses are the most widely used. However, there is a growing body of literature reports on the use of indirect response PD models for continuous endpoints. 

Literature reports on heterocyclic compounds containing a 1,2- or 2,1-benzothiazine ring have appeared in increasing numbers in recent years. This trend is likely to continue as a result of the anti-inflammatory activity of 4-hydroxy-2H-l,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxides (the oxicams ). 

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