Liquids capillary action

The greater the viscosity of a liquid, the more slowly it flows. Viscosity usually decreases with increasing temperature. Surface tension arises from the imbalance of intermolecular forces at the surface of a liquid. Capillary action arises from the imbalance of adhesive and cohesive forces. 

The resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area is the surface tension of the liquid. Capillary action is caused by the cohesive forces within the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container ... 

When a small-diameter glass tube, or capillary, is placed in water, water rises in the tube. The rise of liquids up very narrow tubes is called capillary action. The adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the tube tend to increase the surface area of the liquid. The surface tension of the liquid tends to reduce the area, thereby pulling the liquid up the tube. The liquid climbs imtil the adhesive and cohesive forces are balanced by the force of gravity on the liquid. Capillary action helps water and dissolved nutrients move upward through plants. 

Densification during liquid-phase sintering occurs in tliree stages. Initially, liquid fonns at particle intersections and redistributes tliroughout the particulate mass under the influence of the capillary action. Shear stresses due to the... 

The mixture to be separated is dissolved in a suitable solvent and spotted on to a pencilled line at the bottom of the t.l.c. plate, ca. i o-i 5 cm. from the end. A suitable dropping tube may he made by drawing out the middle of a m.p. tube with a micro-burner and breaking the tube in the middle. The dropper is filled by capillary action and is discharged when the liquid at the tip drops on to the untouched absorbent surface the spot should be 2 5 mm. in diameter. 

Absorption - Processes water can be removed from a material by the capillary action of porous bodies. An example is the cream of clay and water used for casting pottery, which is deprived of the greater part of its water by placing it in molds of plaster of Paris. The capillary character of this mold withdraws the water from the liquid clay mixture and deposits upon itself a layer of solid clay, the thickness of which is controlled by the time of standing. Certain types of candies, such as gumdrops, are dried mainly by contact with the starch molds in which they are cast. The drying effect of sponges, towels and materials of this kind is due to this same action. 

The main origin of multidimensional chromatography lies in planar chromatography. The development of paper chromatography, i.e. the partition between a liquid moving by capillary action across a strip of paper impregnated with a second liquid... 

Figure 2.17 Schematic representation of the set-up used for on-line liquid-liquid exti action coupled with capillary GC when using a membrane phase separator. Reprinted from Journal of High Resdution Chromatography, 13, E. C. Goosens et al., Determination of hexachloro-cyclohexanes in gi ound water by coupled liquid-liquid extraction and capillaiy gas cliro-matography , pp. 438-441, 1990, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

E. C. Goosens, D. de Jong, G. J. de Jong, F. D. Rinkema and U A Th Brinkman, Continuous liquid-liquid extr action combined on-line with capillary gas cliromatography-atomic emission detection for environmental analysis , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 18 38-44 (1995). 

In a liquid, intermolecular forces are strong enough to confine the molecules to a specific volume, but they are not strong enough to keep molecules from moving from place to place within the liquid. The relative freedom of motion of liquid molecules leads to three liquid properties arising from intermolecular forces surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity. ... 

Infrared analysis is usually used as a qualitative method to identify substances. Liquids are usually analyzed as pure substances in cells with very small optical path lengths of 0.1-1.0 mm. Usable spectra can be obtained by placing a drop of relatively non-volatile sample between two sodium chloride plates, allowing them to be held together by capillary action. 

Types of intermolecular forces Properties of liquids Surface tension Viscosity Capillary action Structures of solids Phase changes and diagrams... 

At the microscopic level, the liquid particles are in constant motion. The particles may exhibit short-range areas of order, but these usually do not last very long. Clumps of particles may form and then break apart. At the macroscopic level, a liquid has a specific volume but no fixed shape. Three additional macroscopic properties deserve discussion surface tension, viscosity, and capillary action. 

Liquids possess certain properties due to the intermolecular forces between the liquid particles. These properties include surface tension, viscosity, and capillary action. Solids may be either amorphous or crystalline in nature. 

Chromatography techniques can be further classified according to configuration—how the stationary phase is contained, how the mobile phase is configured with respect to the stationary phase in terms of physical state (gas or liquid) and positioning, and how and in what direction the mobile phase travels in terms of gravity, capillary action, or other forces. 

Under most circumstances microorganisms are attached to solid soil particles and await the arrival of water, nutrients, and electron acceptors. When the biomass is above the water table, the dependence is upon migration of nutrients and diffusion of oxygen downward (or upward via capillary action). Bacterial colonies that develop below the saturated zone are dependent upon liquid phases for the delivery of necessary growth media. 

Capillary action is the spontaneous rising of a liquid through a narrow tube, against the force of gravity. It is caused by competition between the intermolecular forces in the liquid... 

Liquids possess surface tension (liquids behaving as if they had a thin skin on their surface, due to unequal attraction of molecules at the surface of the liquid), viscosity (resistance to flow), and capillary action (flow up a small tube). 

Special considerations apply to the movement of moisture in freeze drying. Since the water is frozen, liquid flow under capillary action is impossible, and movement must be... 

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