Liquid oral dosage forms types

Solid oral dosage forms, particularly tablets, are the preferred type of formulation in the United States. Not only are these products widely accepted by consumers, but they are also relatively cheaper to develop and manufacture than oral liquids or suspensions, par-enterals, or suppositories. Figure 4 shows, quite clearly, that even the elderly primarily make use of solid oral dosage forms [162]. 

Several types of containers are available for discussing oral administration. Most of these have been discussed in some sections above. These containers include the polyethylenes (e.g., HDPE and LDPE) and the PPs used for solid oral dosage forms as multiple-unit containers. Others include PVC, PVdC, and Aclar intended for solid oral dosage forms as a single-unit container. The oral liquids are contained in PET- and PETG-type containers. 

It is essential to understand how and when the polymorphs of drug substance in oral liquid dosage forms and suspensions can be controlled. One approach to study this phenomenon is to seed the formulation with a small amount of a known polymorphic crystal (other than what is used for the product), which is a common practice to rapidly determine what effect this may have on long-term storage. From these types of studies, the appropriate excipients can be used to preserve the specific polymorphic form desired. However, even when the drug in its crystalline form is studied extensively, there are cases when a previously unknown polymorph may be formed in solution and lead to precipitation (14). 

This type of CrDDS is exemplified by the development of Pennkinetic system (by Pennwalt Pharmaceuticals), which permits the formulation of oral liquid-type dosage forms with sustained release of a combination of hydrocodone and chlorpheniramine (Tussionex ). - ]... 

Sulfobutylether P-cyclodextrin can form noncovalent complexes with many types of compounds including small organic molecules, peptides, and proteins. It can also enhance their solubility and stability in water. The first application of sulfobutylether P-cyclodextrin was in injectable preparations it can also be used in oral solid and liquid dosage forms, and ophthalmic, inhalation, and intranasal formulations. Sulfobutylether P-cyclodextrin can function as an osmotic agent and/or a solubilizer for controlled-release delivery, and has antimicrobial preservative properties when present at sufficient concentrations. 

Granules Granules are a t5rpe of oral formulation whose use among the elderly is warranted (166,167). This type of dosage form not only circumvents the difficulty in swallowing that may be encountered by older patients, but it also provides the patient with a certain amount of rehydration. As the elderly are often dehydrated, this is a feature that should not be overlooked. More importantly, medications that have been dispersed in a liquid are not likely to be affected by changes in GER that may occur in older patients. 

The patient s age has a profound influence on the types of dosage forms in which a drug may be given. Pharmaceutical liquids rather than solid dosage forms should be considered for infants and children who are under the age of five years. The liquid dosage forms are generally flavored aqueous solutions, syrups, hydroalcoholic solutions, suspensions, or emulsions, which are administered directly into the oral cavity or administered with food to aid consumption. 

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