Voltage window

Voltage window estimated from cyclic voltammograms contained in the reference. 

Voltage window determined assuming cathodic limit of 0.63 V vs. Li/Li reference. 

Voltage window determined assuming anodic limit of 2.4 V vs. Al/Al(lll) reference. 

In the tradition of previous reviews [1-22], this section addresses various aspects of nonaqueous electrolytes, including intrinsic properties, such as local structures caused by ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions and bulk properties, such as ionic conductivity, viscosity, and electrochemical stability (voltage window), and their relationships to intrinsic properties. 

In comparison with aqueous electrolytes, liquid nonaqueous electrolytes offer larger liquid ranges, down to below -150 °C [23] and up to above 300 °C [24], voltage windows up to more than 5 V, (see... 

However, even if electrolytes have sufficiently large voltage windows, their components may not be stable (at least ki-netically) with lithium metal for example, acetonitrile shows very large voltage windows with various salts, but is polymerized at deposited lithium if this reaction is not suppressed by additives, such as S02 which forms a protective ionically conductive layer on the lithium surface. Nonetheless, electrochemical stability ranges from CV experiments may be used to choose useful electrolytes. 

Nonaqueous electrolytes may offer very large voltage windows, up to more than 8 V. 

Figure 10 shows the voltage windows of chelatoborates. The question mark ( ) indicates the formation of lithium-ion conducting films, preventing the electrolyte from decomposition the numbers refer to the compounds mentioned in this section of the text. 

In order to increase battery capacity, materials are needed in which the electro-chemically active ions undergo redox changes of more than one electron (e.g., Ni2+-Ni" +, in a narrow voltage window, maintaining capacity at high... 

Assembled cells were cycled in the most severe mode known as continuous day cycling . This is an uninterruptible (without pauses) cycling during 8 hours in the voltage window 1,5 - 1,1 v. 

Voltage window estimated from cyclic voltammograms contained in the reference. Voltage window may be limited by impurities. 

A number of companies supply reagent or spectroquality solvents that have been purified to remove UV-absorbing impurities. Some of them, particularly dimethyl sulfoxide, may be suitable for general electrochemical use as purchased. However, small quantities of electroactive impurities (particularly water) often are present in spectroquality solvents. Therefore, a particular batch of solvent always should be tested by measurement of the residual current with an appropriate supporting electrolyte and a platinum, gold, or carbon electrode (to test the anodic limits) and a platinum electrode (to test the cathodic limits). The voltage window or domain of electroactivity is a sensitive measure of the adequacy of the purification procedures. 

Lil Used in solid state batteries where the voltage window is small. Even smaller potential window than LiBr. 

Wider voltage windows of many nonaqueous solvents as compared with water which enable the use of strong reducing metals such as Li, Na, and, in principle, Mg, Al, and Ca. 

However, that is observed only within the range of the so-called safe voltage window of operation - for alkaline aqueous electrolytes it covers the range of l,12-l,24v, and depends on material purity and current density. Exceeding this voltage causes gassing, electrode swelling and loss of electric contact between particles in the electrode volume. 

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