Liquid methanolic

Calcium chloride solutions Sodium chloride solutions COj liquid Chlorine liquid Methanol solutions Ethanol solutions Ethylene glycol solutions... 

Figure 11 CE/MS of alfalfa hay fortified with 0.25mgkg of paraquat (upper half) and 0.28mgkg of diquat (lower half). Buffer 50mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.5. Sheath liquid methanol-water-50mM ammonium acetate (5 4 1). Positive ESI...

Yu HB, Geerke DP, Liu HY, van Gunsteren WE (2006) Molecular dynamics simulations of liquid methanol and methanol-water mixtures with polarizable models. J Comput Chem 27(13) 1494-1504... 

Chelli R, Ciabatti S, Cardini G, Righini R, Procacci P (1999) Calculation of optical spectra in liquid methanol using molecular dynamics and the chemical potential equalization method. J Chem Phys... 

Valdez-Gonzales M, Sanit-Martin H, Hernandez-Cobos J, Ayala R, Sanchez-Marcos E, Ortega-Blake I (2007) Liquid methanol Monte Carlo simulations with a refined potential which includes polarizability, nonadditivity, and intramolecular relaxation. J Chem Phys 127(22) 224507... 

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the Nottingham apparatus for IR kinetic measurements on solutions. Solid lines represent the light path, broken lines the electrical connections. L = Line tunable CO laser, S = sample cell, F = flash lamp, P = photodiode, D = fast MCT IR detector, T = transient digitizer, O = oscilloscope, and M = microcomputer. Nonfocussing optics were used throughout, and the IR laser beam was heavily attenuated by a variable path cell V, filled with liquid methanol, placed immediately in front of the detector. [Reproduced with permission from Moore et al. (61).]...

Equation (6.18) could now be used to assess whether the methanol vapor exceeds its LFL. At this temperature, by Equations (6.28) and (6.34), and with cp = 2.37 J/gK for liquid methanol,... 

Suppose the bottom temperature of the liquid is maintained at 25 °C for a thin pool. Let us consider this case where the bottom of the pool is maintained at 25 °C. For the pool case, the temperature is higher in the liquid methanol as depth increases. This is likely to create a recirculating flow due to buoyancy. This flow was ignored in developing Equation (6.33) only pure conduction was considered. For a finite thickness pool with its back face maintained at a higher temperature than the surface, recirculation is likely. Let us treat this as an effective heat transfer coefficient, between the pool bottom and surface temperatures. For purely convective heating, conservation of energy at the liquid surface is... 

J. W. Handgraaf, E. J. Meijer, and M. P. Gaigeot, Density functional theory based molecular simulation study of liquid methanol. J. Chem. Phys. 121, 10111 10119 (2004). 

Reighard TS, Olesik SV. 1996. Comparison of the extraction of phenolic and nitroaromatic pollutants using supercritical and enhanced-fluidity liquid methanol-C02 mixtures. J Chromatogr 737 233-242. 

For the DMFC, Zhang et al. [127] used the sessile drop method to study the wettabilities of liquid methanol solutions on the surface of the anode DLs and MPLs. They were able to observe that the contact angles of the materials were the smallest with low PTFE content. In addition, the effect of Nafion ionomer content on the MPL (to increase hydrophilicity see Section 4.3.2) was also shown through the contact angle measurements (i.e., smaller contact angles compared to MPLs with PTFE). 

Z. G. Shao, W. F. Lin, F. Zhu, et al. Novel electrode structure for DMFC operated with liquid methanol. Electrochemistry Communications 8 (2006) 5-8. 

The effluent from the reactor contains only 5-20% methanol because the one-pass conversion is very low. After cooling and pressure letdown, the liquid methanol can be removed and further purified by distillation. The unreacted synthesis gas is compressed and recycled to the reactor. 

Kawai, T., Sakata, T. 1980. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from liquid methanol and water. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 15 694-695. 

Apart from hydrocarbons and gasoline, other possible fuels include hydrazine, ammonia, and methanol, to mention just a few. Fuel cells powered by direct conversion of liquid methanol have promise as a possible alternative to batteries for portable electronic devices (cf. below). These considerations already indicate that fuel cells are not stand-alone devices, but need many supporting accessories, which consume current produced by the cell and thus lower the overall electrical efficiencies. The schematic of the major components of a so-called fuel cell system is shown in Figure 22. Fuel cell systems require sophisticated control systems to provide accurate metering of the fuel and air and to exhaust the reaction products. Important operational factors include stoichiometry of the reactants, pressure balance across the separator membrane, and freedom from impurities that shorten life (i.e., poison the catalysts). Depending on the application, a power-conditioning unit may be added to convert the direct current from the fuel cell into alternating current. 

DMFC direct liquid methanol fuel cell... 

The critical temperature of pure CO2 is 31°C [7]. For the subcritical range of 31-50°C, the fluid entering the extraction cell will consist of two phases - a liquid methanol phase and a supercritical phase. It has been reported that the diffusivity of liquid is about 10-100 times smaller than that of the supercritical fluid [6] and this implies that the difficulty of mass transfer associated with the former is also magnified by the same factor. In an extraction process, mass transfer occurs during 1) the fluid s penetration of the matrix s pores and 2) the subsequent transport of the analyte (solute) from the matrix into the bulk fluid [6]. The presence of entrained liquid methanol droplets will thus greatly increases the amount of mass transfer resistance present in the system. Such resistance is reduced upon an increase in temperature and this accounts for the rise in extraction efficiency observed in the temperature range of 45-50°C. 

A review of radiolysis in liquid methanol has appeared which compares the relative abilities of methanol and water towards electron solvation.290... 

Conservation vents and flame arresters should not be made from aluminum since aluminum corrodes faster when in contact with methanol vapors than with liquid methanol. Corroded conservation vents and flame arresters will contaminate the methanol and possibly not work properly. 

Figure 7. SFE of coal gasification wastewater organics extracted from "Empore" discs using pure C02 (Figure 7a) followed by a second extraction of the same disc with liquid methanol for 16 hours (Figure 7b). The SFE extract obtained using methanol-modified...

Figure 6. Initial rates vs Pt contents of the Pt/TiC>2 specimens for liquid methanol (A) or 1-propanol. (B) dehydrogenation at 298 K cyclopentane-deuterium exchange in gas phase at 263 K (C) oxygen isotope heteroexchange at 298 K over non-preoxidized (D) or preoxidized (E) samples.

J. Wang, R. J. Boyd, and A. Laaksonen, J. Cbem. Pbys., 104, 7261. A Hybrid Quantum Mechanical Force Field Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Liquid Methanol Vibrational Frequency Shifts as a Probe of the Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Coupling. 

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