Liquid fertilisers

To achieve a good intrinsic visible fruit quality, biotic and abiotic stress to the trees has to be controlled. Therefore, conventional fruit orchards are often fitted with relatively expensive installations such as wind break hedges, hail nets, irrigation systems and wind machines for frost prevention, irrigation and liquid fertilisation facilities and wild animal fences. Apart from liquid fertilisation systems, most of these installations can also be installed in organic orchards and help to assure yield and quality security. 

Edmeades, D.C. 2002. The effects of liquid fertilisers derived from natural products on crop, pasture, and animal production a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53(8) 965-976. 

It is nonpersistent in the soil and has no after-effects on subsequent crops. It is incompatible with urea and with liquid fertilisers. 

Liquid micronutrient compositions are made by dissolving metal salts such as CUSO4 and MnCl2 in phosphoric acid, and then neutralising with anunonia. A small amount of a phosphonate of type (12.13a) or (12.13b) may be added to complex and prevent any precipitation of the metallic salts. Commercial superphosphoric acid, when used for superphosphate manufacture, functions as a source of micronutrient elements. The add itself can be used for liquid fertilisers, since the small quantities of polyphosphates which are present will sequester the impurity metal ions present. 

Aqueous nitrogen solutions (26-32% N). These are usitally solutions of mixtures of ammonium nitrate and urea, and are commonly used on farm crops (liquid fertilisers). 

This is fertiliser that has been damaged, usually in transit from overseas. It is bought by distribrrtors and sold at a heavy discormt to farmers who normally make it into a liquid fertiliser, simply by dissolving it in water. 

Many of these problems may be overcome by using ionic liquids based on sugars [35] or deep eutectic mixtures. Deep eutectic mixtures such as that derived from choline chloride and urea (m. pt. 12°C [36]) or carboxylic acids [37] can be liquids and have very low vapour pressure. They have been successfully used as electrochemical solvents, but their use in catalysis remains little explored. Urea is a fertiliser and choline chloride (Vitamin B4) is a component of chicken feed so the mixture is environmentally acceptable. 

To determine the alkalies, another 200 c.c. of the liquid are evaporated to dryness, the residue being gently calcined and taken up in water and hydrochloric acid, and the non-alkali metals eliminated by means of ammonia and ammonium carbonate.1 The filtrate is evaporated to dryness with a little sulphuric acid and the residue heated to expel the ammonium salts and then weighed this gives the sodium and potassium sulphates together. If required, the two metals may be determined separately (see Fertilisers, Vol. I, pp. 124 and 135). 

Nitrogen In the production of ammonia by the Haber process (see p. 176) the ammonia is then used to make nitric acid, which is used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and fertilisers In liquid form, as a refrigerant As an inert atmosphere for some processes and chemical reactions, because of its unreactive nature for example, empty oil tankers are filled with nitrogen to prevent fires In food packaging to keep the food fresh, for example in crisp packets where it also prevents the crisps being crushed (Figure 11.10)... 

HNOs) aqua fortis. A corrosive liquid with a sharp odour that acts as a strong acid when dissolved in water. Nitric acid is used to synthesise ammonium nitrate for fertilisers, and is also used in the manufacture of explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Salts of nitric acid are called nitrates. 

The resistance of certain rubbers to liquid ammonia with a boiling point of - 33 to 35 °C, which is widely used in fertiliser industry are ... 

Synthetic Fuels converts low-grade coal into synthesis gas and from this into a range of hydrocarbons. 70% of the sales are as liquid fuel, 20% as petroleum feedstock and 10% as fertilisers, explosive and carbon ... 

Since 1962, agrochemicals and chemical fertilisers have been distributed in Nepal by the Agriculture Inputs Corporation (AIC), a public enterprise owned by the government. Private sector traders also play a major role in pesticide distribution, reselling agrochemicals purchased from AIC. In 1994, AIC distributed about 335 metric tonnes of dust and granulated pesticides and about 2460 litres of liquid pesticides. ... 

The production of ammonium phosphate fertilisers is an example of acidic and alkali media neutralisation under commercial plant conditions [1]. During the production of ammonium phosphate, at the liquid ammonium and phosphoric acid reaction stage, a six-section tubular turbulent reactor of diffuser-confusor design is used. The reactor maintains turbulence along its length, with a reactor diameter of 220 mm and confusor diameter of 105 mm the reactor operates in a normal mode at a... 

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