Linoleic acid description

Cheeses, conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid, 263,267r Chelators, 57-58 Chemesthesis, sensation based on generalized membrane response, 15,16/ Chemesthetic stimulants, description, 21 Chemical analysis of seafood freshness indicators, 250... 

The major properties of nine of the principal edible vegetable oils are summarized in Tbble 2. For descriptions of the constituent acids, see also Arachidic Acid Capric Acid Caproic Acid Lauric Acid Linoleic Acid Linolenic Acid Myristic Acid Oleic Acid Palmitic Acid and Stearic Acid and Stearates. 

Conductivity, in water activity measurement, 67-70 Confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize lipid crystals, 575-579 description of, 575, 577 Conjugated dienes and trienes, determination of, 515-517 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fatty acid analysis, 437-438, 445-446 Convection oven, gravimetric measurement of water, 7-8, 10-11... 

Perilla (Perilla frutescens). Perilla is a linolenic-rich oil (57-64%) used as a drying oil. It also contains oleic (13-15%) and linoleic acids (14-18%) and comes mainly from Korea or India. Recent descriptions of this oil come from these two countries (158-160). 

Tor TAG shorthand description P = palmitic acid S = stearic acid O = oleic acid L = linoleic acid U = unsaturated fatty acid. 

Early attempts at description of the changes in lipid composition included a diminished degree of unsaturation in deficient animals, indicated by a decrease of the iodine value of tissue lipids. When alkaline isomerization technique became available for measurement of polyenoic acids, the deficient animal was found to have a diminished content of dienoic acid and tetraenoic acid but an enhanced content of trienoic acid (Rieckehoff et al., 1949). Through supplementation with single fatty acids, it was discovered that 1in-oleic acid induced increases in tetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid) but that linolenic acid induced increases in pentaene and hexaene acids (Widmer Holman, 1950). These experiments prompted more elegant ones in the laboratories of Mead and Klenk in which the metabolism of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid, linolenic acid to penta-enoic and hexaenoic acids, and oleic to eicosatrienoic acid were described in detail (Mead, 1971). 

Fatty acids are usually denoted in the literature by a shorthand description , e. g. 18 2 (9, 12) for linoleic acid. Such an abbreviation shows the number of carbon atoms in the acid chain and the number, positions and configurations of the double bonds. All bonds are considered to be cis whenever trans-bonds are present, an additional tr is shown. As will be outlined later in a detailed survey of lipid structure, the carbon skeleton of lipids should be shown as a zigzag line (Table 3.2). 

Figure 21.32 shows the architecture of an LDL particle. The interior consists of many molecules of cholesteryl esters (the hydroxyl group of the cholesterol is esterified to an unsaturated fatty acid, such as linoleate). On the surface, protein (apoprotein B-lOO), phospholipids, and unesterified cholesterol are in contact with the aqueous medium of the plasma. The protein portions of LDL particles bind to receptor sites on the surface of a typical cell. Refer to the discussion of membrane receptors in Section 8.6 for a description of the process by which LDL particles are taken into the cell as one aspect of receptor action. This process is typical of the mechanism of uptake of lipids by cells, and we shall use the processing of LDL as a case study. LDL is the major player in the development of atherosclerosis. 

Description C16 palmitic 8.0% palmitoleic C18 stearic 2.0% oleic, 82.0% linoleic, 8.0% linolenic total saturated acids 14% total monounsaturated acids 77% total polyunsaturated acids 9%... 

Three different fatty acids can occur from 27 different mixed triglycerides. To simplify the description, one- or two-letter abbreviations of fatty acids are used, such as B = butanoic (butyric), D = decanoic (capric or caprinic), H = hexanoic (caproic), L = linoleic, La = lauric, Ln = linolenic, M = myristic, O = oleic, Oc = octanoic (caprylic), P = palmitic, Po = palmitoleic, S = saturated, St = stearic, U = unsaturated and V = vaccenic. For example, the mixed triacylglycerol esterified with palmitic acid in position s -l, with stearic acid in the position sn-2 and oleic acid in the position sn-3 of glycerol is then called l-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-3-oleoyl-s -glycerol (abbreviated to s -PStO). Racemate is a mixture of s -PStO and and s -OStP in a molar ratio of 1 1... 

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