Linoleic acid cholesterol reduction

Lipids also can be beneficial for cells in culture, since some substances absorbed by the cells need to be solubilized in lipids, or in some cases the toxicity of compounds may be reduced by complexation with lipids. The absence of essential lipids such as linoleic acid, lecithin, cholesterol, ethanolamine, or phosphorylcholine can result in the decrease of cloning efficiency and in reduction in the size of colonies, as shown for insect cells by Echalier (1997). However, one of the difficulties in supplying lipids at reasonable concentrations is their low solubility. To circumvent this limitation, lipids can be emulsified with complexing agents such as Pluronic F68 or cyclodextrin (Maiorella et al., 1998). 

A mixed monolayer consisting of stearic acid (9.9%), palmitic acid (36.8%), myristic acid (3.8%), oleic acid (33.1%), linoleic acid (12.5%), and palmitoleic acid (3.6%) produces an expanded area/pressure isotherm on which Azone has no apparent effect in terms of either expansion or compressibility (Schuckler and Lee, 1991). Squeeze-out of Azone from such films was not reported, but the surface pressures measured were not high enough for this to occur. The addition of cholesterol (to produce a 50 50 mixture) to this type of fatty acid monolayer results in a reduction of compressibility. However, the addition of ceramide has a much smaller condensing effect on the combined fatty acids (ratio 55 45), and the combination of all three components (free fatty acids/cholesterol/ceramide, 31 31 38) produces a liquid condensed film of moderate compressibility. The condensed nature of this film therefore results primarily from the presence of the membrane-stiffening cholesterol. In the presence of only small quantities of Azone (X = 0.025), the mixed film becomes liquid expanded in nature, and there is also evidence of Azone squeeze-out at approximately 32 mN m. ... 

Polyunsaturated vs Saturated. Some studies have shown that increasing the amount of polyunsaturated (PUFA) fat—linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid—in the diet while reducing the saturated fat sometimes promotes a modest drop in blood cholesterol and a reduction in the tendency of blood to clot. Of greater importance than increased PUFA intake, however, is the ratio of polyunsatu-... 

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for positional (9,11 and 10,12) and geometric (trans,cis cisjrans cis,cis and trarts,tram) isomers of octadecadienoic acid (Cl8 2) with a conjugated double bond. Synthetic CLA, prepared from linoleic acid by alkaline isomerization, exhibits potent anticarcinogenic activities in several carcinogen-induced animal models 1-4) and cytotoxicities for several cancer cell lines (5-5). Other biological activities, such as immune stimulation (P), body fat reduction 10,11 modulation of cholesterol content 12) and growth stimulation 13) were also reported. 

PUFAs are categorized as n-6 PUFAs (mainly derived from linoleic acid) and n-3 PUFAs (mainly present in fatty fish and also derived from alpha-linoleic acid). Clinical trials, in which n-6 PUFAs (containing linoleic acid) were substituted for SFAs showed a greater impact on reduction of both plasma cholesterol and CHD risk, in contrast to trials where low-fat diets were employed. 

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