Lines of constant

A line of constant Xp is compared with a line of constant Fp in Fig. 7.9. It can be seen that the line of constant Xp avoids the regions of steep slope. 

Fig. 4. An alkaH—gravity—viscosity (AGV) control chart for a 3.22-weight ratio sodium siHcate solution, where (—) and (----------- represent lines of constant...

An NRR cutoff level can be selected to reflect the minimum acceptable profitabihty level. Lines of constant cutoff rate can be drawn on a profitabihty diagram, as shown in Figure 3b for NRR cutoff rates of 5, 10, and 15% per year. The acceptable region changes with discount rate and relative venture risk, ie, cutoff rate. 

The performance of a centrifugal compressor (discharge to suction-pressure ratio vs. the flow rate) for different speeds is shown in Fig. 11-87. Lines of constant efficiencies show the maximum efficiency. Unstable operation sequence, called surging, occurs when compressors fails to operate in the range left of the surge envelope. It is characterized by noise and wide fluctuations of load on the compressor and the motor. The period of the cycle is usually 2 to 5 s, depending upon the size of the installation. 

While the F-N curve is a cumulative illustration, the risk profile shows the expected frequency of accidents of a particular category or level of consequence. The diagonal line is a line of constant risk defined such that the product of expected frequency and consequence is a constant at each point along the line. " As the consequences of accidents go up, the expected frequency should go down in order for the risk to remain constant. As the example illustrates, if a portion of the histogram sticks its head up above the line (i.e., a particular type of accident contributes more than its fair share of the risk), then that risk is inconsistent with the risk presented by other accident types. (Note There is no requirement that you use a line of constant risk other more appropriate risk criteria for your application can be easily defined and displayed on the graph.)... 

Fig. 18.4. Survival probability plotted on "Weibull probability" axes for samples of volume Vq. This is just Fig. 1 8.3(b) plotted with axes that straighten out the lines of constant m.

In the simplest case of one-dimensional steady flow in the x direction, there is a parallel between Eourier s law for heat flowrate and Ohm s law for charge flowrate (i.e., electrical current). Eor three-dimensional steady-state, potential and temperature distributions are both governed by Laplace s equation. The right-hand terms in Poisson s equation are (.Qy/e) = (volumetric charge density/permittivity) and (Qp // ) = (volumetric heat generation rate/thermal conductivity). The respective units of these terms are (V m ) and (K m ). Representations of isopotential and isothermal surfaces are known respectively as potential or temperature fields. Lines of constant potential gradient ( electric field lines ) normal to isopotential surfaces are similar to lines of constant temperature gradient ( lines of flow ) normal to... 

Part (b) From equation (5.52), line of constant damping ratio is... 

Plot line of constant damping ratio on Figure 5.16 and test trial points along it using angle criterion. 

Equation (7.63) results in a polar diagram in the z-plane as shown in Figure 7.16. Figure 7.17 shows mapping of lines of constant a (i.e. constant settling time) from the. V to the z-plane. From Figure 7.17 it can be seen that the left-hand side (stable) of the. v-plane corresponds to a region within a circle of unity radius (the unit circle) in the z-plane. 

Figure 7.18 shows mapping of lines of constant uj (i.e. constant transient frequency) from the. v to the z-plane. 

Using MATLAB to design a system, it is possible to superimpose lines of constant ( and ajn on the root locus diagram. It is also possible, using a cursor in the graphics window, to select a point on the locus, and return values for open-loop gain K and closed-loop poles using the command... 

The method includes the mass unit vent flow capacity per unit area. G. This allows using any applicable vent capacity calculation method. The method incorporates the equilibrium rate model (ERM) for vent flow capacity when friction is negligible. Additionally, a coiTection factor is used for longer vent lines of constant diameter and with negligible static head change. ... 

CCDFs may be compared if they have the same shape. If not, a line of constant risk may be drawn (Figure 1.4 2-1) and the comparison made by comparing the envelopes of constant risk. 

Comparing this value with the a) and b) point results ot Example 7, we discover that the line of constant enthalpy lies between the determination line of wet bulb temperature and the adiabatic humidification line. The nearer the Lewis number is to 1, the nearer the wet bulb temperature is to the adiabatic humidification temperature. 

Follow the line of constant entropy (s) to discharge pressure, pg, locating adiabatic discharge state point (2ad)- Read adiabatic enthalpy (hgad) direcdy below point (2,d). 

No heat is being added or removed in this process, so the enthalpy must remain constant, and the process is shown as a movement along the line of constant enthalpy. Latent heat will be taken in by the water, from the sensible heat of the air, until the mixture reaches saturation, when no more water can be evaporated. 

The adiabatic (constant enthalpy) line AC is almost parallel to the line of constant wet bulb. Had the latter been used, the final error would have been about 0.2 K, and it is sometimes convenient and quicker to calculate on the basis of constant wet bulb. (This... 

This describes the geostrophic wind f- 2co sin 4>, where oj is the angular velocity due to the rotation of the Earth and 0 is the latitude). The air moves parallel to the isobars (lines of constant pressure). The geostrophic wind blows counterclockwise around low-pressure systems in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern. 

Figure 1. Eigenvalues of the scaled champagne bottle Hamiltonian (Eq. (2)) for p = 0.00625, in the energy, , and angular momentum, k map. The eigenvalues, represented by points, are joined (a) by lines of constant bent vibrational quantum number, vt, and (b) by lines of constant linear quantum number, v = 2vt + k. ...

Figure 7. Eigenvalues of the spherical pendulum (points) joined by continuous lines of constant Vb and dashed lines of constant j.

A map of the electron density distribution around these atoms provides important information. It tells us to what distance from the adatom the surface is perturbed or, in catalytic terms, how many adsorption sites are promoted or poisoned by the adatom. The charge density contours in Fig. 6.27 are lines of constant electron density. 

Figure 1.18 Lines of constant temperature rise AT = 10 K) for micro channels of different radius in a plane spanned by the adiabatic temperature rise of the reaction and the reaction time-scale, obtained from [114]. The properties of nitrogen at 300 °C and 1 atm and a Nusselt number of 3.66 were used for this calculation.

Point 2 is found from point 1 by tracing a path (line) of constant entropy on the diagram. The method is illustrated in Example 3.10. 

Figure 11.44 correlates the liquid and vapour flow rates, system physical properties and packing characteristics, with the gas mass flow-rate per unit cross-sectional area with lines of constant pressure drop as a parameter. 

On the right hand side of Figure 13 lines of constant collector array size indicate the storage volume needed to achieve a certain solar fraction. The larger the collector array size, the smaller is the required volume of the stored desiccant for a given solar fraction. The left hand side of Figure 13 shows the related investment costs. A collector array size of 60 m2 and a storage volume of 8.5 m3 turn out to be the most economic solution to achieve 100% solar operation. 

In principle, all the curves in Figs. 6.1a, 6.2a, and 6.3a would be expected to have solubility limits imposed by the salt formation. Under conditions of a constant counterion concentration, the effect would be indicated as a point of discontinuity (pA flbbs), followed by a horizontal line of constant solubility. S, -. 

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