Linear polymers waxes

Additioaal uses for higher olefias iaclude the productioa of epoxides for subsequeat coaversioa iato surface-active ageats, alkylatioa of benzene to produce drag-flow reducers, alkylation of phenol to produce antioxidants, oligomeriza tion to produce synthetic waxes (qv), and the production of linear mercaptans for use in agricultural chemicals and polymer stabilizers. Aluminum alkyls can be produced from a-olefias either by direct hydroalumination or by transalkylation. In addition, a number of heavy olefin streams and olefin or paraffin streams have been sulfated or sulfonated and used in the leather (qv) iadustry. 

Asymmetrical Peaks are rarely found in WAXS from polymers, but they are ubiquitous in the MAXS of liquid crystalline polymers. For asymmetrical peaks in isotropic patterns it is best to determine the peak position from the maximum of the peak, if peak asymmetry is a result of linear or planar disorder. Linear disorder means that the crystals are more or less one-dimensional (a tower of unit cells). Planar disorder means that the crystallites are made from only very few layers of unit cells (cf. Guinier [6] Chap. 7). 

THERMOPLASTIC. A high polymer that softens when exposed to heat and returns to its original condition when cooled to room temperature. Natural substances that exhibit this behavior are crude rubber and a number of waxes however, the term is usually applied to synthetics such as polyvinyl chloride, nylons, fluorocarbons, linear polyethylene, polyurethane prepolymer, polystyrene, polypropylene, and cellulosic and acrylic resins. See also Plastics. 

Probably the simplest polymer formation reaction involving phosgene is that with the dihydric aliphatic alcohols, such as ethylene, propylene or butylene glycol viz. ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol or butane-1,4-diol) this reaction results in the formation of linear, wax-like polymers suitable for the impregnation of materials requiring water barrier properties [1133]. 

In contrast, the bromo derivative readily deactivates under polymerization conditions and has therefore a relatively low (but in absolute number still a very high) activity. The polymers obtained with the catalyst with the halogen containing h-gands differ somewhat in crystallinity and/or melting temperature. This is probably due to shorter polymer chains in the case of the bromo derivative. Analysis by NMR spectroscopy shows that the waxes are linear within the detection limit of branching. 

Chemically, about 35-55% of the dry material is the glucose polymer cellulose, much of which is in a crystalline structure while another 25—35% is hemicellulose, an amorphous polymer. The remainder is mostly lignin plus less amounts of minerals, waxes, and other compounds [3]. Cellulose is formed by beta-[l, 4] glucosyl linkages in a linear backbone, whereas hemicelluloses are branched polymers composed of several monosaccharides [5]. Fig. 1 shows the schematic illustration of the cellulose chain, while Fig. 2 shows the schematic illustration of xylans from Gramineae [5, 6]. 

---