Line transit time

Fig. 3. Lethal temperature thresholds for aquatic species. Patterns are general for all species, but exact temperatures are species-specific, (a) Tolerance polygon of upper and lower lethal (50%) temperatures for one-week exposures of an example species (juvenile sockeye salmon) which has been held at the acclimation temperature, with more restrictive thresholds indicated as dashed lines (b) time-dependent mortaUty (50%) of an example species (juvenile chinook salmon) at temperatures above the one-week lethal threshold after hoi ding at different acclimation temperatures. The dashed line ABC indicates transition to less than 50% mortaUty at lower temperatures and coincides with the upper lethal threshold of this species tolerance polygon. Reproduced by...

Consider a transition from Product I to Product II. The simplest case is just to add component C to the feed at the required steady-state concentration of c,>, = 9mol/m. The governing ODEs are solved subject to the initial condition that the reactor initially contains the steady-state composition corre-sponding to Product I. Figure 14.3 shows the leisurely response toward the new steady state. The dotted lines represent the specification limits for Product II. They allow any Q concentration between 7 and 9mol/m. The outlet composition enters the limits after 2.3 h. The specification for Product I allows 1 mol/m of Q to be present, but the rapid initial increase in the concentration of Q means that the limit is quickly exceeded. The total transition time is about 2h, during which some 1001 of off-specification material would be produced. 

Figure 23 Calculation of the shape of the actively compensated pulse can be carried out on the software. (A) shows the real (red line) and the imaginary (green line) component of an example of the target pulse shape t>,(f). Its leading and the trailing edges have a cosine shape with a transition time of 1.25 xs in 50 steps, and the width of the plateau is 5 ps. (B) Laplace transformation B(s) multiplied by the Laplace transformed step function U(s). (C) It was then divided by the Laplace transformation Y(s) of the measured step response y(t) of the proton channel of a 3.2-mm Varian T3 probe tuned at 400.244 MHz to obtain V(s). (D) Finally, inverse Laplace transformation was performed on V(s) to obtain the compensated pulse that results in the RF pulse with the target shape. Time resolution was 25 ns, and o = 20 was used for the Laplace and inverse Laplace transformations.

Like any sequence of events, an FFC experiment can be intended as a sequence of elementary intervals during each of which all system control lines maintain constant values. One needs to keep in mind, however, that while a control line transition is always very fast (settling times of the order of Ins), the controlled device/parameter may require a much longer... 

Experimental details for the cross-section measurements were presented in the literature. Briefly, after the irradiation by electron beam pulse for a few nanoseconds, the time-dependent absorption for the atomic line transition Rg Rg -i-/zv was measured to observe the time-dependent population of the excited rare gas atoms Rg. The population of excited Rg was determined using an absorption law for the atomic lines, where the broadening of the absorption profile due to the thermal Doppler effect and due to the attractive interatomic potentials was reasonably taken into consideration. The time-dependent optical emission from energy transfer products, such as ... 

Measurements of the transit times of weak shock waves ( 10Q bar) were used to obtain sound wave velocities in larger specimens than listed in Table II. In the arrangement of Fig 3 a cylinder (or slab) of the expl was immersed in a Plexiglas container filled with water. Initiation of the detonator produced a shock wave which arrived nearly plane thru the water at the surface of the expl specimen. The motion of wave was recorded by a smear camera using a shadowgraph technique. Plots of Us up relationships showed that the resulting curves were nearly straight lines and that for particle velocities, up, from 0.3 to 1.2 mm/ftsec, shock wave velocities are ... 

Under realistic experimental conditions, additional dispersion may well be introduced as a consequence of factors, such as a finite initial width of excess carrier packet or fluctuations in electric field across a specimen film. Most, if not all, of these factors would be expected to yield a relative dispersion that decreases with increasing specimen thickness. In a well-conducted experimental measurement, a relative dispersion of the order of 20% might typically be achieved, giving a transit pulse similar to that shown in Fig. 3.2 (full line) (from which the mean carrier transit time is readily determined). 

For digital circuits, the electrical length of the line can be defined relative to the signal rise time. A common rule of thumb for simple lines with no branches is that interconnections must be treated as transmission lines when the round-trip transit time of the signal, 2t pdZ, exceeds the signal rise time, tr (37). This rule defines a critical line length (Zc) given by... 

Figure 6.12 Frequency of mean transit times vs. time (min) using the diffusion model II for the blind ant model positions for various concentrations of villi and forward probabilities pf values. Key experimental data solid line, TVvini = 200 and pf = 0.6 dashed line, Nvnn = 200 and pf = 0.5 dotted line, Nvmi = 180 and pf = 0.7 dashed-dotted line, TVviin = 180 and pf = 0.5.

A source of line broadening which is fairly common in molecular beam studies, and often dominant in ion beam studies is transit time broadening. This arises when the interaction time between the electromagnetic radiation field and the molecule is limited by the time the molecule spends in the radiation field. The transit time t is equal to d/v, where v is the molecular velocity and d is the length of the radiation field. A typical... 

The dynamic window of a given NMR technique is in many cases rather narrow, but combining several techniques allows one to almost completely cover the glass transition time scale. Figure 6 shows time windows of the major NMR techniques, as applied to the study of molecular reorientation dynamics, in the most often utilized case of the 2H nucleus. Two important reference frequencies exist The Larmor frequency determines the sensitivity of spin-lattice relaxation experiments, while the coupling constant 8q determines the time window of line-shape experiments. 2H NMR, as well as 31P and 13C NMR, in most cases determines single-particle reorientational dynamics. This is an important difference from DS and LS, which access collective molecular properties. 

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