Linde

Claude process A process similar to the Linde process for the liquefaction of air, except that additional cooling is produced by allowing the expanding gas to do external work. 

Linde process A high-pressure process for the production of liquid oxygen and nitrogen by compression to about 200 bar (20MN/m ) followed by refrigeration and fractionation in a double column. 

T. Sevel, NH. Pedersen, C.E. Weinell, B. Lind-Nielsen, North Sea Flow Measurements Workshop, 1996, Peebles, Scotland... 

While the phase rule requires tliree components for an unsymmetrical tricritical point, theory can reduce this requirement to two components with a continuous variation of the interaction parameters. Lindli et al (1984) calculated a phase diagram from the van der Waals equation for binary mixtures and found (in accord with figure A2.5.13 that a tricritical point occurred at sufficiently large values of the parameter (a measure of the difference between the two components). 

Laubereau A, von der Linde D and Kaiser W 1972 Direst measurement of the vibrational lifetimes of moleoules in liquids Phys. Rev. Lett. 28 1162-5... 

Fig. 4.20 DR plots for carbon dioxide adsorbed at 293 K on Linde molecular sieves. O, powder SA , powder 4A. (Reduced from the original diagram of Lamond and Marsh. )...

Fig. 1. Water isotherms for various adsorbents (1). Activation conditions Linde molecular sieves, 350°C and <1.33 Pa activated alurnina, 350°C and...

Reciprocating Compressors. Prior to 1895, when Linde developed his air Hquefaction apparatus, none of the chemical processes used industrially required pressures much in excess of I MPa (145 psi) and the need for a continuous supply of air at 20 MPa provided the impetus for the development of reciprocating compressors. The introduction of ammonia, methanol, and urea processes in the early part of the twentieth century, and the need to take advantage of the economy of scale in ammonia plants, led to a threefold increase in the power required for compression from 1920 to 1940. The development of reciprocating compressors was not easy Htfle was known about the effects of cycles of fluctuating pressure on the behavior of the... 

Acetylene Recovery Process. A process to recover coproduct acetylene developed by Linde AG (Fig. 11), and reduced to practice in 11 commercial plants, comprises three sections acetylene absorption, ethylene stripper, and acetylene stripper. 

Fig. 11. Linde AG acetylene recovery unit for acetylene absorption, ethylene stripping, and acetylene stripping. CW = cooling water.

The contribution of the section on coproduct acetylene by P.Cl. Haehn of Linde AG is gratefully acknowledged. 

Oyyacety/ene Handbook, 3rd ed.. Union Carbide Corp., Linde Division, New York. 

For well over 100 years after its discovery and initial preparation, oxygen was made either chemically or by the electrolysis of water. Early in the twentieth century, Linde and Claude introduced processes for the Hquefaction and distillation of air that have since grown into a mature and highly competitive industry. In 1991, over 13.4 X 10 (4.7 x 10 ft ) of oxygen was produced in the United States. About 70 X 10 (24.7 x 10 ft ) was... 

The first clues to the treatment of scurvy occurred in 1535—1536 when Jacques Cartier, on advice from Newfoundland Indians, fed his crew an extract from spmce tree needles to cure an epidemic. Various physicians were recommending the use of citms fmits to cure scurvy in the mid-sixteenth century. Two hundred years later, in 1753, it was proved by Dr. James Lind, in his famous clinical experiment, that scurvy was associated with diet and caused by lack of fresh vegetables. He also demonstrated that oranges and lemons were the most effective cure against this disease. In 1753, inM Treatise on the Scurvy[ Lind pubhshed his results and recommendations (7). Eorty-two years later, in 1795, the British Navy included lemon juice in seamen s diets, resulting in the familiar nickname "limeys" for British seamen. Evidence has shown that even with undefined scorbutic symptoms, vitamin C levels can be low, and can cause marked diminution in resistance to infections and slow healing of wounds. 

J. Lind,H Treatise on the Scurvy, London, 1753 (repubhshed by Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Scodand, 1953). 

---