Limonene caraway

The constituents recognised in caraway Oil are carvone. (i-limonene, dihvdrocarvom-, oai veol, and dibydrocurVcol, and Sp base having a nainoiic odour which hn.s not been investigated. 

Limonene occurs freely in nature, forming the greater part of oils of lemon and orange, and found to a large extent in caraway, dill, bergamot, and many other essential oils. 

Numerous examples of the different biological effects of enantiomers are available. One of the enantiomers of limonene smells of lemons, the other of oranges one of carvone smells of caraway, the other of spearmint These differences obviously have important... 

The main constituents of spearmint oil are /-carvone (Fig. 13.12.7) and /-limonene (Fig. 13.12.8). Oil of spearmint contains from 45 to 60% l-carvone, 6 to 20% of alcohols, and 4 to 20% of esters and terpenes, mainly /-limonene and cineole (see Fig. 13.12.4)J2J The optically isomeric form of carvone, d-carvone, is found in oil of caraway and oil of dill. Carvone appears to co-occur with limonene when present in a plant. 

Bouwmeester HJ, Davies JAR, Toxopeus H, Enantiomeric composition of carvone, limonene, and carveols in seeds of dill and annual and biennial caraway YiLnexies, JAgricFood Chem 43 3057-3064, 1995. 

Production. In the past, (+)- and (-)-carvones were isolated by fractional distillation of caraway oil and spearmint oil, respectively. However, these carvones are now prepared synthetically, the preferred starting material being (+)- and (-)-limonenes, which are converted into the corresponding optically active carvones. Since optical rotation is reversed in the process, (+)-limonene is the starting material for (—)-carvone. 

The major constituents of common caraway oil are (+)-limonene and (+)-car-vone, which together may make up more than 95% of the oil. (+)-Carvone is the essential odor component. 

Dill seed oil is prepared by steam distillation of the crushed ripe fruits of the dill plant. Its main components are limonene (up to 40%) and (+)-carvone (up to 60%) [486]. In contrast to the weed oil, this oil has a typical caraway odor and taste which is characteristic of (+)-carvone. 

Limonene is a monoterpene that occurs in citrus fruits. Two enantiomers of limonene produce two distinct flavours (—)-limonene is responsible for the flavour of lemons and (+)-limonene for orange. Similarly, one enantiomeric form of carvone is the cause of caraway flavour, while the other enantiomer has the essence of spearmint. 

Carum carvi L. Ye Hao (Caraway) (fruit, aerial part) Essential oil, d-carvone, coumarin, chromone, polyacetylene, hemiarin, scopoletin, umbelliferone, d-limonene, phytosterols.48-50-250-450 Carminative, treat stomach pain. 

Limonene [138-86-3] - [ANALYTICALMETHODS - TRENDS] (Vol 2) -aroma chemical [PERFUMES] (Vol 18) -in Bergamot oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in caraway oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in asms oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in citronella oils [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in eucalyptus oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in expectorants [EXPECTORANTS, ANTITUSSIVES AND RELATED AGENTS] (Vol 9) -m jumperberry oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in lavender [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in lavender [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in lime oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in neroli oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -m oilbanum [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in orange oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in sweet basil oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17)... 

Caraway Carum carvi (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae) ripe fruit 3-7 (+)-carvone (50-70) limonene (47) flavour, carminative, aromatherapy... 

Chemat, A., A. Lagha, H. AitAmar, P.V. Bartels and F. Chemcat, Comparison of Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carvone and Limonene from Caraway Seeds, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 19, 188-195 (2004). 

Examples of monoterpenes include the linear aldehyde citral, which is found in many essential oils, and the (cis) alcohol geraniol, a major component of oil of geranium. Cyclic monoterpenes include limonene, menthol, pinene, camphor, and carvone, major components of lemon oil, mint oil, turpentine, camphor oil, and caraway oil, respectively. Sesquiterpenes include farnesol, a component of rose oil, and bisabolene, a component of Bisabol myrrh. The diterpenes include phytol, a component of chlorophyll, and vita-... 

The monoterpene o-limonene is a naturally occurring chemical which is the major component in oil of orange and other natural oils including lemon, grapefruit, berry, leaf, caraway, dill, bergamot, peppermint, and spearmint oils. o-Limonene may be obtained by steam distillation of citrus peels, from pulp resulting... 

Depending on planting conditions, caraway fruits contain 2 - 7 % of essential oil consisting of about 30 compounds. Carvone and limonene account for the main portion, about 95%. The ratio of these main monoterpenes leads to the main purpose of the essential oil. The other compounds of the essential oil are pinenes, thujone, camphene, fellanderene (Sedlakova et al., 2001 Sedlakova et al., 2003b). 

Baysal, T. and Starmans, D.A.J. (1999). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carvone and limonene from caraway seed. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 14 225-234. 

Bouwmeester, H.J., Gerhenzon, J., Konigs, M.C.J.M. and Croteau, R. (1998). Biosynthesis of the monoterpenes limonene and carvone in the fruits of caraway - I. Demonstration of enzyme activities and their changes with development. Plant Physiology, 117 (3) 901-912. 

Carvone spearmint, caraway, semisyn. limonene to identify botanical origin possible [338, 351, 352]... 

Properties Yellowish liquid. D 0.900-0.910. Insoluble in water soluble in alcohol. The oil obtained from the caraway seed. The chief components are carvone and rf-limonene. 

Derivation The d-form is the main constituent of caraway and dill oils the /-form occurs principally in spearmint oil and may be synthesized from d-limonene. 

CARAWAY, Carvi fructus and aetheroleum Caraway is the schizocarp of Carum carvi L., family Apiaceae, growing in Asia and Europe, now also grown in the USA and Canada. The drug contains 3-6% essential oil containing 50-80% (+) carvone and limonene. It has spasmolytic, antibacterial and carminative effects. 

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