Limits inferior, 187— lower

Water-based flexo inks can be formulated with either a soluble toner or with the Day-Glo EPX Series which is a tme pigment and can be formulated like a conventional pigment dispersion. The Radiant Aquabest or the Day-Glo WST can be formulated in an alkaline water-soluble system to yield strong inks. They have limited shelf life and inferior fade, but do not necessarily requite additional binder. Day-Glo EPX must be formulated with a binder such as a hard resin or can be used with one of the soluble toners such as WST. The EPX Series has several advantages over soluble toners such as much superior fade, exceUent ink stabiHty, and some hiding power over kraft-type papers. A disadvantage of the EPX is its lower tinctorial strength than other fluorescent toners. 

Comparisons of CE and HPLC on similar analytical problems have been reported [879-883]. In contrast to CE and HPLC, GC is best suited for analysis of nonpolar, lower MW, volatile compounds. HPLC and GC have detection limits roughly 100-1000 times lower than CE, while traditional electrophoresis has detection limits comparable to CE. As already mentioned, the inferior detection sensitivity and precision of CE when compared with HPLC are caused by the technique s nanoscale. 

Notice the difference. For equivalence testing we have to show that any change lies between an upper and a lower limit, but with non-inferiority testing we only have to show that there is no change beyond a single (upper or lower) limit. 

Indirect detection is universal, although limited to ionic compounds however, its nonspecificity can also become a limitation, because of ionic components of a mixture can potentially interfere with the analytes of interest. Thus, lacking detection selectivity, the whole selectivity of the method relies on separation. Other drawbacks of this detection mode are inferior sensitivity (almost constantly lower than with the corresponding direct mode) and a rather narrow range of linearity. 

The possible complete replacement of Pt or Pt alloy catalysts employed in PEFC cathodes by alternatives, which do not require any precious metal, is an appropriate final topic for this section. Some nonprecious metal ORR electrocatalysts, for example, carbon-supported macrocyclics of the type FeTMPP or CoTMPP [92], or even carbon-supported iron complexes derived from iron acetate and ammonia [93], have been examined as alternative cathode catalysts for PEFCs. However, their specific ORR activity in the best cases is significantly lower than that of Pt catalysts in the acidic PFSA medium [93], Their longterm stability also seems to be significantly inferior to that of Pt electrocatalysts in the PFSA electrolyte environment [92], As explained in Sect. 8.3.5.1, the key barrier to compensation of low specific catalytic activity of inexpensive catalysts by a much higher catalyst loading, is the limited mass and/or charge transport rate through composite catalyst layers thicker than 10 pm. 

While the incorporation of transition metal oxides into complexes with materials such as alumina can lower their volatilities by factors from 10 (CuO) to 1000 (BaO) depending primarily upon the heat of reaction between the two oxides, it is also likely that formation of very stable complex metal oxides, such as aluminates, can also greatiy lower the chemical activity of the transition metal. As mentioned above, Mn, Ni, and Co may requite stabilization in complex oxides for long catalyst life, but the complex oxides generally have inferior activity. The most active transition metal oxides (Ru and Cu) may still have unacceptable volatility as relatively active complex oxides. As a consequence, there may be a technology-limiting trade-off between the catalytic activity of metals and metal oxides and their chemical and thermal stability in combustion environments. 

Fig. 1 shows the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of pure carbon samples after drying (series C1-C6). As pH increases, the samples evolve from micro-macroporous material to exclusively microporous material. Lower pH than the inferior limit leads to... 

This class of blends was introduced in 1989, as a lower cost alternative to EPDM/PP blend. Its heat-aging resistance and use temperature limits are, however, inferior to the EPDM/PP blends. 

In RBSN, a silicon metal powder preform reacts with nitrogen gas to form silicon nitride. The reaction occurs by percolation of the gas phase into the open porosity of the silicon preform, while the large specific volume of the silicon nitride product substantially reduces the volume fraction of residual porosity (down to a lower limit of approximately 9%), The mechanical properties of RBSN are inferior to those of sintered silicon nitride powder products, but the reduced costs of machining the near-net-shape product is a very attractive advantage. 

During operation, it is important to- control the pH within fairly close limits, e.g., 3.0-3.5, since a lower value yields undesirable, thin crystals. Excessive acidity also promotes an overgrowth of crystals, especially in pipelines, and necessitates frequent redissolving or killing with steam. Insufficient acidity, on the other hand, not only produces inferior crystals, which are difficult to wash and store, but may cause ammonia losses as well. For these reasons, some producers maintain a free acidity of 1.0-1.5 g of H2S04/liter of solution. 

---