Limiting, voltage

Reduced-voltage starting. A reactor, resistor, or transformer is temporarily connected ahead of the motor during start to reduce the current inrush and limit voltage dip. This is accompanied by reduced starting torque. For reactor or resistor start, the torque decreases as the square of current for transformer start, the torque decreases directly with line current. The reactor, resistor, or transformer can be adjusted to give a proper balance between torque and current. 

It should be noted that anodization regimes have a major effect on oxide geometry. Palibroda233,234 has summarized the empirical dependences of the pore diameter, d, the density of pores, n, and the lifetime of initial barrier growth, r, on the ratio of the anodic voltage to the limiting voltage, Uamax, as follows ... 

The results plotted in Fig. 5 for F < CR correspond of course to voltages less than the point of instability indicated in Fig. 2a. There does appear to be a lower limit to the forming voltage, however, and present results indicate that the limiting voltage coincides with the bias at which the I- V characteristics change from their ohmic to nonohmic behavior (see Fig. 2b). Several... 

If the traps are deep, an analytical expression for J cannot be obtained. However numerical solutions can be obtained easily [38], In this case most of the injected carriers remain trapped and the current by injection remains small until all the traps are filled. As the traps are nearly filled the SCLC begins to flow. It increases rapidly and as the trap-filled limit is reached, it follows the trap-free V2 law. In this case trap-filled limit voltage Vtel and Vq are equal. Recent work [41] on the approach to trap-filled limit will be discussed later. 

Galvanic-static cnrves saturate toward the limiting voltage E (o°) at t —> and... 

Lithium ion technology offers high-energy density with the added benefit of low mass. These characteristics make it ideal for automotive applications. This technology is the fastest growing battery system [29], Protection circuits are needed to limit voltages for safety reasons. 

Figure 16.9 represents a measurement of the efficiency of the barrier it shows the ratio of the mean cadmium concentrations in previously unpolluted and polluted sections of soil. In soil A with no electric field, 30% of cadmium polluted iJie adjacent soil. With lOV of applied voltage (0.5 V/cm), stUl a small amount of contamination occurs, so the limiting voltage for full barrier efficiency lies between 10 and 17 V. In soil B, which is of higher permeability, the increased hydraulic flow results... 

There are sources of nonlinearity both in electrode polarization and tissue impedance (Schwan 1992). Onaral and Schwan (1982) studied electrode polarization impedance and found that the limit voltage of linearity was about 100 mV and frequency independent. The corresponding hmit current is of course impedance dependent and therefore frequency dependent, and may be about 5 pA/cm at a frequency of 1 Hz. 

Red Emergency Hazardous condition Immediate action to deal with hazardous condition (e.g., by operating E-Stop device) Pressure/temperature out of safe limits Voltage drop Breakdown Overtravel of a stop position... 

Li-Ion batteries require electronic controls to prevent cell voltage from exceeding predetermined high- and low-voltage limits. Voltage excursions outside these limits can damage the cell and may create safety issues in the cell. The electronic controls also determine the state-of-charge and stop-cell operation. 

The (theoretical) plot of this last curve demonstrates first a diseharge of the capacitor, associated with an increase in time, followed by a discharge with a time that begins to decrease, which is physically impossible [SAI04], The result of this is the existence of a maximum (denoted = t u ) for a limited voltage value notated... 

Protection of a pulse amplifier against overvoltages — which are generated by partial breakdown or complete breakdown of the liquid in the test cell — can be achieved with diodes. In order not to affect the fidelity of the measurement pulse, a wide bandwidth of the protective circuit is required. In Figure 40, a 50-Q circuit is shown. It has a rise time of 300 ps and a limiting voltage of 0.2 V at a maximum input voltage of 1.4 kV. 

Class A-general service, limited voltage protection... 

Here the constant charging current is switched off at a certain upper limit voltage (e.g. 2.35 V/cell) and switched on again at a slightly lower value. The resulting mean... 

If the desired limited value is a voltage, then a limited voltage characteristic is at hand. 

---