Limitation of energy

Often, complete mixing cannot be approached for economic reasons. Inactive or dead zones, bypassing, and limitations of energy input are common causes. Packed beds are usually predominantly used in plug flow reactors, but they may also have small mixing zones... 

Giang NTH (2011) Potentials and limitations of energy recovery from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Vietnam. PhD Thesis, Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, University of Technology, Dresden... 

Dunham, A.C. and Wilkinson, F.C.F. (1978). Accuracy, precision and detection limits of energy-dispersive electron-microprobe analyses of silicates. X-Ray Spectrometry 1 50-56. 

The upper limit of energy potentially capable of being produced from a marine or ocean based biomass has not yet been determined, but it is estimated that the potential contribution to the long-term U.S. energy supply could be at least equal to today s natural gas consumption or 20 quads per year. 

Figure 8.38 from Walinga, Advantages and Limitations of Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, Phillips Bulletin (1972) by permission of NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Netherlands. 

There exists an upper limit of energy for each atom, and when this is reached the atom becomes ionized the energy required for ionization is known as the ionization potential. With the cooler flames only a very small proportion of atoms in the flame is ionized, but in the hotter flames this is not true, and in some cases ions may constitute the greater proportion of the element in the flame. 

To determine the upper limits of energy efficiency of this quasi-eqttilibritun process, kinetic specifics of the Kassel mechanism should be taken into accormt. The total endothermic process (9-1) of acetylene production from methane (CH4 I/2C2H2 -I- 3/2H2) under qttasi-eqttilibriiun conditions corresponds to the first kinetic order and can be characterized by the reaction rate coefficient... 

The lower limit of energy is taken as —oo, rather than finite, contrary to the fact of the existence of the lower bound of the energy of the material system. Most of the formal work on P(t) assumes thaf fhe lower limit of the energy integral is -oo and/or that the discrete spectrum does not contribute. Nevertheless, requirements of correcfions to these assumptions may arise when the resonance state is very near the threshold of the continuous spectrum, in which case the time-dependent curve of P(f) acquires, at long-times, a tail of NED [6,37], see also Refs. [86,89] and Chapters 7 and 9 of fhis volume. 

Biomass Utilization, Limits of Energy Flows in Ecology and in the Economy Energy Resources AND Reserves Greenhouse Effect and Climate Data Pollution, Air Pollution, Environmental Renewable Energy from Biomass Thermodynamics... 

Biomass, Bioengineering of Biomass Utilization, Limits of Energy Efficiency Comparisons Among Countries Energy Flows in Ecology and in THE Economy Energy Resources and Reserves Pollution, Air Waste-to-Energy Systems... 

Zheng, J. R 2003. The limitations of energy density of battery/double-layer capacitor asymmetric cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 150 A484-A492. 

The value of kT determines the lower limit of energy equivalent to F in, min In other words, the adhesive force must prevent free movement of the particles. 

The fission and explosive energy release from criticality accidents involving liquid and metal assemblies has been well established from both accidents and experimentally induced excursion data however, very little work has been performed to date in dry or near-dry powder assemblies. Vfith. the possible advent of plutonium recycle it has become increasingly apparent that the upper limits of energy release for PuQi and PuOt-UOa assemblies similar to that found in nitrate to oxide conversion plants and mixed-Oxide fuel fabrication plants should be established. 

Zhirnov VV, Cavin RK. Comment on Fundamental limits of energy dissipation in charge-based computing [Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 103502 (2010)]. Appl Phys Lett 2011 ... 

Protection by limitation of energy is in subsections 411-04 and 471-03. The intention is not to prevent the shock sensation but to limit the shock current and/or its duration so as to avoid injury to persons and animals. Common examples of equipment complying with this requirement are electric fence energisers, electrostatic paint and powder sprayers, and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding electrodes. 

Limitation of energy is a method used in electrostatic spraying where a high impedance is inserted in the HV circuit to reduce the potential earth fault current and thus the spark discharge energy to a sufficiently low value to avoid ignition. 

---