Liming materials neutralizing value

Alkalinity and Lime Content. The whole mud alkalinity test procedure is a titration method which measures the volume of standard acid required to react with the alkaline (basic) materials in an oil mud sample. The alkalinity value is used to calculate the pounds per barrel unreacted excess lime in an oil mud. Excess alkaline materials, such as lime, help to stabilize the emulsion and also neutralize carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide acidic gases. 

The material is produced from naphthalene by oleum or sulfur trioxide sulfonation under conditions conducive to the formation of the h sulfonate. Subsequent reaction with formaldehyde leads to polymerization and the sulfonic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide [17] or lime. The process is illustrated in Fig. 2.2. The value of n is typically low but conditions are chosen to get a proportion of higher-molecular-weight product as it is believed to be more effective [18]. The quantity of sodium sulfate by-product formed by the neutralization of excess sulfonating reagent will vary depending on the process used, but can be reduced by a subsequent precipitation process using lime [19]. 

The final ph value of this material lies within the neutral range. Since this medium no longer provides sufficient protection for steel reinforcement rods and offers only slight environmental resistance, it is usually used for the plastering of interior walls and for interior brick walls only, in the latter case often mixed with cement.400 The specific surface of lime mortar lies considerably beneath that of cement mortar (up to one order of magnitude) 404 The water content is similar to cement mortar. 

The iron values closely parallel the effluent acidities that is, when the acidity is high (low pH) the iron contents of the leachates are high. When the acidity is low (high pH) the iron concentrations in the leachates are also low. The lime-limestone-treated material is particularly interesting because the iron levels remain low as long as the pH is maintained in the neutral region. Consequently, this treatment effectively controlled the pH and the release of iron for nearly 4 months. 

The pH can be adjusted by the addition of acid or alkali. Lime (calcium oxide) is frequently used to neutralize acidic effluents. In the case of sulfuric acid, the use of lime leads to formation of calcium sulfate. Calcium sulfate that is potentially contaminated with trace organic material has low value and can be used as road fill. An alternative approach is to neutralize with more expensive ammonia, forming ammonium sulfate, which can be sold as a fertilizer. 

Unless the coal being washed contains appreciable quantities of soluble salts, cleaning processes do not materially alter water composition. However, difhculties may be encountered when iron carbonates and pyrite and pyrite are present, particularly if the coal passes through stockpiles that allow some oxidation of the iron salts. The contamination is usually indicated by a substantial lowering of pH, from a normal range of 6-7.5 to values of 3 or even less, and may necessitate addition of alkali (caustic soda or lime) to restore near-neutral conditions. This type of problem is not often encountered and the nsnal type of water treatment involves clarification to remove suspended salts (slime) after which the water may be recirculated. 

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