Limes limonene

Mondello et al. (2, 20-23) have used a multidimensional gas chromatographic system based on the use of mechanical valves which were stable at high temperatures developed in their laboratory for the determination of the enantiomeric distribution of monoterpene hydrocarbons (/3-pinene, sabinene and limonene) and monoterpene alcohols (linalol, terpinen-4-ol and a-terpineol) of citrus oils (lemon, mandarin, lime and bergamot). Linalyl acetate was also studied in bergamot oil. The system consisted of two Shimadzu Model 17 gas chromatographs, a six-port two-position valve and a hot transfer line. The system made it possible to carry out fully... 

Distilled lime oils are produced by steam distillation of an oil-juice emulsion that is obtained by chopping the whole fruit. The acid present in the juice acts on the oil released from the peel and changes its characteristics. The original components are modified to form a series of new compounds. The main constituent is still limonene. 

Limonene [138-86-3] - [ANALYTICALMETHODS - TRENDS] (Vol 2) -aroma chemical [PERFUMES] (Vol 18) -in Bergamot oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in caraway oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in asms oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in citronella oils [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in eucalyptus oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in expectorants [EXPECTORANTS, ANTITUSSIVES AND RELATED AGENTS] (Vol 9) -m jumperberry oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in lavender [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in lavender [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in lime oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in neroli oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -m oilbanum [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in orange oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -in sweet basil oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17)... 

Citrus oil dominates this class of essential oil. It is obtained by the cold press method with the exception of lime oil, which is also prepared by steam distillation of essential oil separated during the production of juice.106,107 Aside from bergamot, these oils are primarily monoterpene hydrocarbon mixtures of which (if)-limonene (3) is usually the dominant compound. Since odor contribution of this monoterpene compound is low, it is often removed by distillation or repeated solvent extraction. The resulting oil rich in odor-active compounds is called terpeneless oil and is used extensively. In the case of bergamot and lemon oils, psoralen derivates like bergaptene (64) causing photosensitivity are problematic, and those for fragrance use are rectified to remove it (Table 8). 

The enantiomeric ratio of limonene was used to discriminate genuine mandarin and lemon oils fi om the reconstituted ones [28, 29]. The enantiomeric excess of (+)-limonene in the lemon peel has been found between 97.1 and 97.4% [30]. Mondello et al. found small differences in the enantiomeric composition of monoterpenes between two varieties of lime oils Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (Key lime) and Citrus latifolia Tanaka (Persian lime) [31]. The enantiomeric ratio of limonene was the... 

The peel sent to the feed mill contains the remainder of the oils that were not extracted in the cold-pressed oil recovery process. After liming and pressing, the press liquor is the source of the d-limonene recovered during molasses concentration... 

Enantiodifferentiation Cold-pressed lime oils contain R(-i-)-limonene in an enantiomeric purity of over 96%, while S(-)-limonene reaches values of 7-10% in distilled oils ]48]. 

Monocyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons occur in many essential oils and their by-products. They have relatively weak odours, although some add dryness and green notes to the oils containing them. This is particularly so for lime and petitgrain. D-Limonene (1) occurs in citrus oils whereas the L-isomer is found in pine. If limonene or other terpenes break down during processing to produce isoprene, then racemic limonene, dipentene, is found in the product as a result of the Diels-Alder reaction. Terpinolene (2) is the dehydration product of a-terpineol and so it is often present as an artefact. a-Phellandrene (3) occurs in eucalyptus oil. Since it is a 1,3-diene, it is an obvious precursor for Diels-Alder reactions and a number of speciality ingredients are... 

The composition [379a, 379b, 399-406e] and uses of pressed lime oil are similar to those of pressed lemon oil. As in lemon oil, the main terpene hydrocarbons are limonene (45-50%/38-44 %) and //-pinene (18-24 %/17-19 %). Generally, neral (1.2-2/2-2.5 %) and geranial (2—3/3—3.7 %) are present in a somewhat higher concentration. 

Citrus fruits provide a diverse range of flavonoids [35] naringenin, a flavonone, has been shown to posses cholesterol-lowering and anticancer properties [36]. The naringin content of lime juice has been estimated to be -100 pg/g [37], and the lime is also a source of limonene, a biologically active terpene (see above). Other bioactive substances in lime (Table 4) include coumarins that possess anticoagulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. 

Lime pyrolignite. See Calcium acetate Lime saltpeter. See Calcium nitrate Lime, slaked. See Calcium hydroxide Limestone. See Calcium carbonate Lime sulfur. See Calcium polysulfide Lime-tree extract. See Linden (Tilia americana) extract Linden (Tilia cordata) extract Linden (Tilia vulgaris) extract Lime water. See Calcium hydroxide Limnanthes alba. See Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seed oil (-)-Limonene. See l-Limonene (+)-Limonene. See d-Limonene d-Limonene... 

Papilio demoleus (common lime butter y) Fabaceae Orientation responses to different odors in olfactory (-)-Limonene shows maximum attraction to the larvae. 

ISO standard 3809 shows character and data for that oil. Adulteration is done by adding limonene from different sources, synthetic terpineol and y-terpinene from lime terpenes as well as from heads of the production of terpene-free lemon oil. Detection must be done by multidimensional chiral separation. Dugo and Mondello (2011) report the following data for chiral ratios (5)-(-)-P pinene (96.0%-96.8%) (/ )-(+)-p pinene (3.2%-4.0%) (5)-(-)-limonene (5.5%-8.7%) (/ )-(+)-limonene (91.3%-94.5%) (/ )-(-)-linalool (49.8%-80.0%) (5)-(+)-linalool (50.0%-50.2%) ... 

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