Like Administration Routes

FIGURE7.13 Transdermal Cp-time data for ethinyl estradiol (7.8)5 

Oral administration is the most complicated method of administration covered in this text. Modeling the plasma concentration of an orally administered drug combines both elimination pathways and absorption of a drug after it has been ingested. 

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Those investigators primarily involved with one specific route of delivery will be able to learn of helpful concepts and find additional stimulation from reading the approaches others have used within and outside their own spheres of activity. Readers are likely to find the same enhancer tested for various administration routes and in diverse experimental models. By understanding the properties and behavior of the enhancers operating within such systems, they may well find the inspiration needed to develop appropriate enhancing delivery methods for new applications. 

The nasal administration was shown to be an effective administration route for lipophilic active substances like fentanyl. Moreover, the nasal route has also been used for the systemic administration of small peptides like buserelin acetate, nafarelin acetate and desmopressin, aU of them containing ten or less amino acid residues. However, for these molecules the nasal route forms only a poor non-invasive alternative to injection, since the nasal bioavailability of these peptides is less than 3-5 %. 

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

Like penicillins, cephalosporins are (3-lactam antibiotics and interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. A very large number of cephalosporins are available for clinical use. They differ in their route of administration and clinical use. 

Other adverse reactions include local irritation when heparin is given via the SC route. Hypersensitivity reactions may also occur with any route of administration and include fever, chills, and urticaria. More serious hypersensitivity reactions include an astiima-like reaction and an anaphylactoid reaction. 

Besides the inhalative use, the development of a drug formulation for A9-THC has to address other bioavailabihty questions. A major problem is the hpophiUcity and poor solubiUty in water, hmiting oral uptake when given orally. Because of this, other parenteral routes of apphcation are imder investigation like puhnonal uptake by vaporization, subUngual or intranasal administration, and apphcation by injection of A9-THC incorporated in hpo-somes. 

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