Lignosulfonates emulsions

When fatty-acid or wax emulsion type damp-proofers are used in conjunction with lignosulfonate or hydroxycarboxylic-based admixtures, heavy air entrainment results with attendant strength reduction. Both these effects decrease waterproofing characteristics. At higher workabilities, ligno sulfonates counteract the reduced bleeding effect obtained with waxes and increase bleeding rates [83]. 

During sulfite pulping the fatty acid esters are saponified to an extent determined by the conditions. Some of the resin components can also become sulfonated, resulting in increased hydrophilicity and better solubility. However, the partial removal of resin that always occurs during sulfite cooking and subsequent mechanical treatment is mainly associated with the formation of finely dispersed resin particles in stable emulsions. The dissolved lignosulfonic acids act as detergents with respect to the lipophilic resin components. 

Maramul. [LignoTech] Lignosulfonate emulsifier fru asphalt emulsions. 

Marasperse. [Borregaard LignoTech] Lignosulfonates or oxylignins dispersant emulsion stabilizer for ceramic slurries, stucco, agrk. formulations, dyestuffs, gypsum board, industrial cleaners, cement slurries, paper m., in mfg. of brick, tile, refractmies. 

Lignosulfonates and Kraft Lignins as 0/W Emulsion Stabilizers Studied by Means of Electrical Conductivity... 

II. CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS AND INFLUENCE OF KRAFT LIGNIN AND LIGNOSULFONATE CONCENTRATION ON EMULSION STABILITY... 

Figure 2 Dimensionless conductivity in an O/W emulsion [40/60 w/w)] stabilized with 2.0% lignosulfonate (UP366) as a function of time.

Table 4Separation of Water from OAV Emulsion Stabilized with Different Amounts of Lignosulfonate and Kraft Lignin... 

Table SSeparation of Water from OAV Emulsions Stabilized with Lignosulfonate (UP364) and Lignosulfonate/CPC Complexes Calculated from Conductivity Measurements and Visual Observations...

Figure 9 Reproducibility of the conductivity measurements of lignosulfonate-stabilized emulsions measured at 25°C.

Figure 10 Creaming profiles of emulsions stabilized with low molecular weight lignosulfonate (UP366) measured at 25°C.

Table 9pH of the Aqueous Phase of the Lignosulfonate-and Kraft Lignin-Stabilized Emulsions... 

Figure 13 Droplet size distributions of Kraft lignin- and lignosulfonate-stabilized emulsions.

Rhodapex CO-436 Rhodapon UB/E-30 Rhodapon UB/E-N SECOSOL DOS 70 Sodium C14-16 olelln sulfonate, Sodium dllsopropyl naphthalene sulfonate Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfo-nate Sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate Sodium lignosulfonate. Sodium methyinaphthalenesulfonate. Sodium myristyl sulfate Sodium nonoxynol-4 sulfate Sodium octyl sulfate Sodium a olefin sulfonate Strodex MRK-98 Surfonic N-80 Sutfynol EP-810 Sutfynol EP-830 T-Det N-407 T-Det N-507 Terlc N8 Terlc Nil Texapon Z 95 P Trldeceth-40, Trioctyl phosphate Triton X-15 Triton X-35 Triton X-165-70% Triton X-301 Undeceth-8 emulsifier, emulsion polymerization acrylates... 

Marasperse lignosulfonates can produce stable emulsions. These emulsions are resistant to pH and eletrolyte contents. It has been observed that sodium hydroxide enhances the surface activity of aqueous lignosulfonate solutions, which in turn lowers the interfacial tension at the oil/water interface, thereby rendering the emulsions more stable. The emulsions stabilized by lignosulfonates are also resistant to mechanical agitations and to large temperature variations. 

The emulsions stabilized by lignosulfonates are extremely stable under a wide range of condition. Therefore, the conventional emulsion breaking techniques are not very effective to separate oil and aqueous phases. The most effective method to break lignosulfonate-stabilized... 

Lignosulfonates are soluble in water, but are insoluble in most common organic solvents. They exhibit surface activity but neither do they reduce surface tension to the extent that true surfactants do nor do they form oriented monolayers or micelles [64,81,82]. However, they are able to stabilize emulsions. 

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