Lignocelluloses materials recovery

These maximum effects are obtained with a NaOH consumption of less than 10% based on the weight of the lignocellulosic material. The amount of NH i necessary to get the same effect will depend on the efficiency of the recovery system. Incidentally, the chemically combined nitrogen (as amide or ammonium) should contribute to the usefulness of this material for feeding ruminants. 

In the last decade, increasing efforts have been dedicated worldwide to realizing the implementation of biorefinery plants for the eonversion of lignocellulosic and cellulosic waste to starting materials for the biotechnological production of bioethanol, biopolymers and a range of fine chemicals. Whereas the material recovery from the lignin fraction is limited to the production of adhesives, sulphur-free fuels and some aromatics, cellulose and hemicellulose provide a rich source of... 

Carbon dioxide explosion is a pre-treatment process that uses supercritical carbon dioxide to break down the biomass structure. In aqueous solution, carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid which depolymerizes lignocellulosic materials. As a small molecule, carbon dioxide can penetrate into the pores of the biomass better than ammonia. When carbon dioxide explodes due to the change of pressure, it breaks the cellulosic structure. This process is usually operated under high pressure but low temperature to prevent monosaccharide degradation. But in comparison to steam explosion and ammonia explosion processes, the sugar recovery yield from this process is... 

Kohhnann KL, Westgate P, Velayudhan A, Weil J, Sarikaya A, Brewer MA, Hendrickson RL, Ladisch MR. (1996). Enzyme conversion of lignocellulosic plant materials for resource recovery in a controlled ecological life support system. Adv Space Res, 18(1-2), 251-265. 

A variety of industrial processes are available for hemicellulose recovery in large scale. They can be classified into processes with lignocelluloses as starting materials or pulps as a source for hemicellulose extraction. Of course the hemicellulose source and the recovery process are of major importance for the chemical and physical properties of the recovered polysaccharides. Hemicellulose fractionation from lignified materials mostly yields... 

The use of ILs offers a good solution towards a more efficient transformation of polysaccharides to monosaccharide. But certain issues that arise with ILs must be addressed. ILs still remain expensive and the more work has to be done to reduce their costs as well as to improve on their recovery and reuse. After the pretreatment of lignocellulosic cellulose to remove lignin, methods of recovering the lignin should be explored to further tap its potential to be a combustible material and channeled for different usage. 

Second-generation biorefineries are those that utilize lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material. Lignocellulosic biomasses are composed mainly of three polymers of plant cell walls cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The advantage of this type of biorefinery is the recovery of the most abundant source of renewable carbon (Gruber and O Brien, 2002). 

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