Light microscopy history

Body fluid specimens will be prepared and stained and the morphologic characteristic of the cells and the environment in which these cells are found will be examined by light microscopy. To achieve this, a representative cell sample must be obtained and adequate cell fixation is a prerequisite. Proper identification of the specimen and protection of the specimen s integrity are essential. Finally, pertinent patient clinical history is important for accurate specimen interpretation. 

For forensic or commercial evaluations, light microscopy can readily determine whether or not hair of unknown history has been dyed with a permanent hair dye or has recently been dyed with a semipermanent dye. Human scalp hair does not generally contain pigment in the cuticle. Therefore, a light microscopic evaluation of fiber cross sections or even an optical section can readily reveal whether the hair in question has been treated with a commercial hair dye by determining whether the cuticle has been dyed. 

As in the history of other ceramics, the great progress in refractories was partly due to developments in scientific understanding and the use of new characterization methods. Development of phase equilibrium diagrams and the use of X-ray diffraction and light microscopy increased the understanding of the action of slags and fluxes on refractories, and also of the effect of composition on the properties of the refractories. 

The foundations of confocal scanned imaging in light microscopy have been reviewed [24]. Other reviews deal with confocal microscopy [106,107] and confocal laser microscopy [108]. CLSM has also been reviewed [109], in particular also for polymer science [110]. Several (hand)books on confocal microscopy [92,93,111] and on CSFM [92,111] are available. An early report on scanning laser microscopy has appeared [98] and history has been described [95]. 

Diagnosis. Dermatologists obtain the patient s medical history and assess his or her status. They examine the affected skin and adjacent areas to determine the nature and extent of the lesions. A frequently used method is dermoscopy (or epiluminescent microscopy), which employs a quality magnifying lens and a powerful lighting system to allow a close examination of the skin s structure. It is useful in evaluating pigmented skin lesions and can facUitate the dk nosis of melanoma. 

Chandler, Douglas E., and Robert W. Roberson. Bio-imaging Current Concepts in Light and Electron Microscopy. Sudbury, Mass. Jones and Bartlett, 2009. Begins with the history of electron microscopy and examines topics such as specimen preparation, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, and fluorescence microscopy. 

---