Light-Duty Regulations

RAFs are adopted in Section 13 of the California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 1988 and Subsequent Model Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles, and the process for establishing RAFs is in Appendix VIII of that document. The document is incorporated by reference in Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Section 1960.l(k) see also California Air Resources Board (1992a, 1993). The last amended date is March 19, 1998. 

For cars and light-duty vehicles the current and future test procedures and limit values have been consolidated in the Euro 5 and Euro 6 legislation [Regulation (EC) No. 692/2008]. In the exhaust emission test a production vehicle is placed on a... 

To address air pollution problems, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed and developed new vehicle emissions standards. Ultralow sulfur standards for diesel fuel began in 2006. Gasoline sulfur standards have been phased-in since 2004. The EPA Tier 2 tailpipe emissions regulations for light duty vehicles have already taken effect. Standards have also been developed for heavy-duty vehicles that would be phased in from 2007 to 2010. 

At the beginning, European regulations concerning diesel engine emissions were only effective for three classic pollutants for light duty vehicles (Directive 70/220/EEC modified by Directive 83/351/EEC) and on black smoke emissions (Directive 72/306/EEC). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, March 5, 1980, Standard for Emission of Particulate, Regulation for Diesel Fueled Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks... 

Australian Design Rules (ADR) to regulate vehicle emissions are based on European standards. The current standards for all vehicles are equivalent to Euro 4. Japan introduced a regulation based on a new JC08 cycle in 2009 that limits particle mass emissions from cars and light duty vehicles to 0.005 g km , to be fully phased-in by 2011. China presently stipulates Euro 4 standards for the Beijing region and Euro 3 for the rest of the nation. 

Although the first commercial lean deNOx system was a lean NOx trap (LNT) on the European Toyota Avensis in the early 2000s, and then on the US Dodge Ram truck (Cummins engine) in 2007, the first wide-scale use of deNOx was the implementation of SCR for heavy-duty (HD) tmck applications in Europe in 2005. The US Tier 2 and Cahfornia Low Emission Vehicle (LEVII) regulations were the first to force SCR on light-duty (LD) applications in 2007. SCR did not make its way into NR applications until 2011 in both the US and Europe. 

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