Lichen analysis

De Bruin, M., Wolterbeek, H.Th. 1984. Identification of sources of heavy metals in the Dutch atmosphere using air filter and lichen analysis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Nuclear Methods Environment Energy Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, pp. 266-276. 

Prudencio, M.A., Gouveia, M.A., Freitas, M.C., Chaves, L., Marques, A.P., 1997. Soil versus lichen analysis on elemental dispersion studies (north of Portugal). IAEA TECDOC in press. 

Carberg, G.E., Ofstad, E.B., Drangsholt, H., Steinnes, E. (1983). Atmospheric deposition of organic micro pollutants in norway studied by means of moss and lichen analysis. Chemosphere, 12,341- 356. 

Quevauviller Ph, Herzig R. and Muntau H (1996b) Certified reference material of lichen (CRM 482) for the quality control of trace element biomonitoring. Sci Total Environ 187 143-152 Quevauviller Ph, Lachica M., Barahona E, Rauret G, Ure A, Gomez A, and Muntau H (1997) The certification of the EDTA-extractable contents (mass fractions) of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn and of the DTPA-extractable contents (mass fractions) of Cd and Ni in calcareous soil by the extraction procedures given CRM 600. EUR Report 17555 Quevauviller Ph. Maier EA, and Griepink B, eds. (1995) Quality Assurance for Environmental Analysis. Elsevier. Amsterdam. 

When the enol ring is adjacent to a cyclic moiety, then it is possible to achieve very short hydrogen bonds, as in the structure of usnic acid, a natural product found in lichens. A low-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis of this compound showed two enol moieties, one in which a carbon-carbon bond of the enol was part of a cyclohexenone ring, and this had... 

Detailed consideration is given to plants involved in the biomonitoring of terrestrial heavy metal pollution, ranging from lichens, fungi, and mosses to higher plants. In addition in-depth analysis of criteria for the selection of future monitoring species indicates new trends. 

The problems of applying evolutionary analysis to organisms such as fungi, lichen symbionts, and algae have been due in part to (1) the availability of relatively few morphological characters, some of which may be... 

Boileau, L. J. R., Beckett, P. J., Lavoie, P. Richardson, D. H. S. (1982). Lichens and mosses as monitors of industrial activity associated with uranium mining in northern Ontario, Canada - Part 1 Field procedures, chemical analysis and interspecies comparisons. Environmental Pollution (Series B), 4, 69-84. 

Succinic acid is a substance produced by lichens. Chemical analysis indicates it is composed of 40.68% carbon, 5.08% hydrogen, and 54.24% oxygen and has a molar mass of 118.1 g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for succinic acid. 

For the analytical determination of metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and biological matrices, digestion with a 3 1 HNO3-HCIO4 mixture under controlled temperature was used (36). Analysis of sediments and suspended particulate matter were made by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) with air-acetylene flame and deuterium background correction. The analysis of metals in lichens and molluscs were performed by ICP-AES. The operating conditions for FAAS and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis are shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. 

Lichens are currently monitored to aid the control of air pollution and to follow changes in pollution patterns [20,21], Lichens are found almost everywhere and accumulate trace elements from the atmosphere therefore they are often used as a practical means for biomonitoring pollution [22,23]. The collection and analysis of... 

---