Li thionyl chloride

D. V. Wiberg, Non-Destructive Test Techniques for Large Scale Li/Thionyl Chloride Cells Proc. Int. Battery Seminar, Boca Raton, Fla., 1993. 

For about a century after the invention of the Ledanche cell (and the lead-acid rechargeable battery) the highest voltage attained in any battery was 2.1V, and primary cells delivered a maximum voltage of about 1.5 V. This changed in the mid 1960s, when the Li-thionyl chloride (LiSOCb) battery was introduced. In this and other nonaqueous lithium batteries, a potential of about 3.0 V was achieved. 

The introduction of the li-thionyl chloride primary battery represented a major advance in battery technology. The voltage of a single cell was more than twice that of the Ledanche cell and other primary batteries, energy density was increase by an even higher factor and shelf life was improved by a factor of 5 at least. It became immediately obvious that the next breakthrough would be achieved with the introduction of a rechargeable li battery. This happened about two decades later, with the introduction of the li-ion battery. 

In this context, it is interesting to compare the very slow development of fuel cells to that of primary and secondary batteries. In the mid-1960s the Li-thionyl chloride... 

The imidazolidine was prepared from an aldehyde with A,W -dimethyl-l,2-ethylenediamine (benzene, heat, 78% yield) and cleaved with Mel (Et20 H2O, 92% yield). Derivatization is chemoselective for aldehydes. The imidazolidine is stable to BuLi and LDA and to Li/NH3. The diphenylimidazolidine has been prepared analogously and can be cleaved with aqueous HCl." Alternatively, it can be prepared by using thionyl chloride (Pyr, CH2CI2, 0-25°, 7 h, 93% yield). A chiral version using -dimethyl-15,25-diphenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine has... 

The Li-SOCl2 battery consists of a lithium-metal foil anode, a porous carbon cathode, a porous non-woven glass or polymeric separator between them, and an electrolyte containing thionyl chloride and a soluble salt, usually lithium tetrachloro-aluminate. Thionyl chloride serves as both the cathode active material and the elec-... 

Battery technology has developed enormously in recent years. One of the most useful types of batteries is known as the lithium battery, but there are actually several designs only one of which will be described. In one of the types, the anode is constructed of lithium or a lithium alloy hence the name. A graphite cathode is used, and the electrolyte is a solution of Li[AlCl4] in thionyl chloride. At the anode, lithium is oxidized,... 

The lithium sulfur dioxide and the lithium thionyl chloride systems are specialty batteries. Both have liquid cathode reactants where the electrolyte solvent is the cathode-active material. Both use polymer-bonded carbon cathode constructions. The Li-S02 is a military battery, and the Li-SOCl2 system is used to power automatic meter readers and for down-hole oil well logging. The lithium primary battery market is estimated to be about 1.5 billion in 2007. 

Both the lithium sulfur dioxide (Li-SO and lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCy cells may be classified as liquid cathode systems. In these systems, S02 and SOCl2 function as solvents for the electrolyte, and as the active materials at the cathode to provide voltage and ampere capacity. As liquids, these solvents permeate the porous carbon cathode material. Lithium metal serves as the anode, and a polymer-bonded porous carbon is the cathode current collector in both systems. Both cells use a Teflon-bonded acetylene black cathode structure with metallic lithium as the anode. The Li-S02 is used in a spirally wound, jelly-roll construction to increase the surface area and improve... 

Oxyhalide solvents include solvents such as thionylchloride (SOCl2), sulfurile chloride (S02C12), and POCl3, which are also utilized as liquid cathodes in primary Li batteries. The basic reduction process of thionyl chloride may be illustrated as... 

FeS2, etc. [i]. Polar organic liquids such as acetonitrile, y-butyrolactone, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dioxolane, propylene carbonate, and methyl formate are the most common solvents for electrolyte solutions in primary Li cells. Thionyl chloride (SOCI2 ) and sulfuryl chloride (SO2CI2) are inorganic compounds that serve as both the solvent and the active cathode material in primary Li batteries [i]. 

Strychnine condenses with amyl nitrite in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give 11-oximinostrychnine (LI) (67, 68). This oxime undergoes Beckmann rearrangement with thionyl chloride to give two products, LII and LIII, the first of which gives the amino acid LIV on... 

Zirconium metallacycles were found to serve as the precursor compound for the preparation of a variety of main group heterocycles including thiophenes and their 5 -oxides. The zirconium metallacycles (275) and (277) were prepared by treatment of 2,8-decadiyne and diphenylethyne with zirconocene dichloride in the presence of Bu"Li and allowed to react with disulfur dichloride and thionyl chloride, respectively, to give the bicyclic thiophene (276) and the thiophene S -oxide (278)... 

Calcium thionyl chloride systems have been investigated by a number of researchers as a safer substitute for Li-S02 and Li-SOC batteries. It appears that as a battery system, Ca-TC cells have an open circuit potential around 3.2 V and practical operating voltages varying between 2.5 and 3 V, depending on the current density. A number of comprehensive papers describing these systems have been published by Staniewicz [446], Binder [447], and Peled [436-445]. 

C.M. li and C.S. Cha, Studies of the reduction of thionyl chloride in dimethyl formamide using microdisk electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 260,91-99 (1989). 

Lithium-thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) cells have seen a number of uses, including remote monitoring (such as residential water meters), various OEM (original equipment manufacturer) electronic devices, military, aerospace, and down-hole oil well monitoring applications. Medical device uses have included implantable heart mmiitors, drug infusion pumps, and some of the earliest implantable cardiac pacemakers [9, 10]. 

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