Leveling power

Levansu erase Levarternol [51-41-2] Level A suits Level detection systems Level dyeing Leveling power Lever 2000 Lever rule... 

Class B direct dyes have poor leveling power and exhaustion must be brought about by controlled salt addition. If these dyes are not taken up uniformly in the initial stages it is extremely difficult to correct the urdevelness. They are dyes that have medium—high affinity and poor diffusion. In their apphcation the cellulose is entered into a dyebath containing ordy dye. The salt is added gradually and portionwise as the temperature is increased and possibly the final additions made after the dyebath has come to the bod. 

Class C direct dyes are dyes of poor leveling power which exhaust well in the absence of salt and the only way of controlling the rate of exhaustion is by temperature control. These dyes have high neutral affinity where, resulting from the complexity of the molecules, the nonionic forces of attraction dominate. When dyeing with these dyes it is essential to start at a low temperature with no added electrolyte, and to bring the temperature up to the boil very slowly without any addition of electrolyte. Once at the bod the dyeing is continued for 45—60 min with portionwise addition of salt to complete exhaustion. 

Insulation levels, power frequency and impulse withstand voltages for metal-enclosed switchgear assemblies... 

A corresponding situation occurs at high altitude, where one-third of the sea-level power available has been lost due to low atmospheric pressure. This low air density also reduces aerodynamic drag, but rolling resistance is unaffected by altitude. As a result, power resei"ve is seen to suffer. In fact, at this altitude, the power available in fourth gear is insufficient to operate the vehicle on a 6 percent grade at any speed without downshifting. 

Polonium is used to eliminate static electricity in industrial processes, such as rolhng out paper, wire, or sheet metal in mills. Polonium is also sometimes used in brushes to remove dust from photographic film and in the manufacturing of spark plugs that make ignition systems in automobiles more efficient, particularly in extremely cold temperatures. It can also be used as a portable, low-level power source and, since polonium is fissionable, used in nuclear weapons and nuclear electric power plants. 

Although 10 only possesses average fastness properties, it enjoys great importance and, because of its good leveling power, is used for dyeing union fabrics, polyamide, and chrome leather. 

Acid Monoazo Dyes. Among the acid monoazo dyes are a number of much used wool dyes that possess no outstanding coloristic properties but that are distinguished by brilliance of shade, very good leveling power, and particularly low cost, while their wash- and lightfastness meet only low to medium requirements. Partly influenced by the introduction of the International Wool Label to label high-quality wool articles, the fastness requirements have risen considerably, and this has necessitated the development and manufacture of particularly fast dyes. 

Coupling H acid to l-(phenylamino)naphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (A-phenyl peri acid) yields C.I. Acid Blue 92 (see Section 3.9.3). On wool it produces a very pure blue of good lightfastness and with moderate wetfastness and adequate leveling power. 

The usually very low wetfastness of these simple acid azo dyes can be improved at the expense of leveling power by the introduction of special, large-volume substituents. For example, C.I. Acid Orange 19, 14690 [3058-98-8] (4), is... 

Further examples are C.I. Acid Red 32, 17065 (8) [6360-10-7], and C.I. Acid Blue 117, 17055 [10169-12-7] (9). On wool both dyes exhibit quite good wetfastness and high leveling power. 

To achieve valuable dyes with alkaline coupling to y acid, the amino group must be acylated or arylated. Example C.I. Acid Red 68, 17920 [6369-40-0] (10). On wool it exhibits high leveling power and yields light- and wetfast dyeings. 

Selected acid 1 1 chrome complex dyes, because of their good wet- and lightfastness and their very good leveling power, and also 1 2 chrome complex and 1 2 cobalt complex dyes with hydrophilic groups, have successfully come into use as silk dyes. 

Ben 00] Benini, Luca and Giovanni De Micheli, System-level power optimization ... 

Figure2.13 Variation ofthe surface coverage ofthe leveling agent 0A with the dimensionless parameterp Maximum leveling power occurs when p approaches unity (source Ref. [57]).

Subsequent work by Kruglikov and coworkers [217, 316] explored the action of levelers under well defined hydrodynamic conditions. The analogy between the diffusive flux distribution and the primary current distribution (i.e. Laplace equation) was used for calculating the leveling power. The expression for the attenuation of the amplitude of a sinusoidal profile was shown to be ... 

Equation 2.37) the leveling power (LP) is defined as the ratio of (r vaiiey - (peak)/ valley The results correspond to deposition of 3 pm of nickel on the planar field, or 0.1 of the original groove depth (source Ref. [58]). 

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